“Georg Maria Stenz”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Georg Maria Stenz ({{zh|c={{linktext|薛|田|资}}|p={{linktext|Xuē |Tián|zī}}}}, 22 November 1869^[1] – 23 April 1928^[2]) was a Catholic missionary of the Society of the Divine Word in Shandong during the period from 1893 to 1927. He was involved in two major incidents where force was used against Catholic missionaries in Shandong, the Juye incident and the Jietou incident. The Juye incident (1897) was an attack on Stenz's mission station in Zhang Jia Village in which two German missionaries were killed. Stenz, who was the likely target of the attack, managed to hide and escaped unharmed. The incident was used by the German Empire to justify the occupation of Qingdao. In the Jietou incident, Stenz and a group of Chinese Christians were mistreated and held prisoner in the village of Jietou ({{zh|c=街头镇|p=Jiētóu zhèn}}, Rizhao) for three days (8–11 November 1898) resulting in German military intervention and compensation claims.

Early life

Born in Horhausen, Westerwald,^[1] Georg Stenz was the son of the elementary school teacher Jacob Stenz and his wife Maria (née Dasbach). He was the oldest of 4 children (2 boys and 5 girls) of which only he and his sister Maria (born 1878) lived to adulthood.^[2] He attended the elementary school in Horhausen, where his father was a teacher from 1875 to 1880. From 1880 to the fall of 1881, he was given private lessons by a chaplain in Horhausen, possibly for health reasons.^[2] In the fall of 1881, he entered the second year (quinta) of a secondary school (gymnasium) in Montabaur where he lived in a residence (konvikt) of the diocese Limburg.^[2] In February 1887, he requested admission to the mission Divine Word Missionaries in Style, where he continued his education from April 25, 1887 onwards in the missionaries' secondary school ("Styler Lyzeum").^[2] He graduated from the Styler Lyzeum (matura) after two years.^[2] Since the degree from the Styler Lyzeum was not recognized by the German state, he also gained a high-school diploma from the Montabaur secondary school in 1889 as an external student.^[2] He became a novice and studied theology at the St. Gabriel mission house of the Divine Word Missionaries in Maria Enzersdorf to the southwest of Vienna.^[2] He made his temporary vows at St. Gabriel on November 21, 1891 and was ordained as a priest in the same place on June 25, 1893.^[2] He was sent on mission to China on September 17, 1893 together with Joseph Hesser (1867-1920) and Josef Schneider (1867-1896) who had been ordained as priest with him.^[2] The three traveled to Genoa via Cologne, Basel, Luzern, and Milan.^[2] On September 25, 1893, the three missionaries boarded the steamship Bayern of the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd in Genoa.^[2] After a voyage via Naples, Port Said, Suez, Aden, and Colombo, they arrived in Hong Kong on October 25.^[2] After a few days stay in Hong Kong, Stenz traveled on the Bayern to Shanghai, where he arrived on October 29, 1893.^[2]

Activities as a missionary

After his arrival in Shandong, Georg Stenz stayed in the headquarters of the Society of the Divine Word in Shandong to learn Chinese.^[2] At the time, the headquarters was located in the town of Puoli (郭里镇), about 30 km southeast of the city of Jining. He stayed there until early 1895, when he was sent to work as an assistant to Franz-Xavier Nies in the mission station at Jiaxiang (嘉祥镇),^[2] a town about 25 km to the west of Jining. In the fall of 1896, Stenz was promoted to rector and took up his residence in the Zhang Jia Village (张家庄). His direct superior (dean) was Richard Henle.^[2] About one year after the arrival of Stenz in Zhang Jia Village, on November 1, 1897, he became the target of an attack, the Juye Incident, that killed Nies and Henle who were visiting Stenz in Zhang Jia Village at the time. In the fall of 1898, Stenz was relocated and given responsibility for the mission in the areas of Rizhao and Zhucheng.^[2] Stenz travelled from Qingdao to Rizhao by sea on November 1, 1898 and embarked on a tour of the area. Seven days later, on November 8, he arrived in Jiechuang near the village of Jietou, about 35 km northwest of Rizhao. There he was held captive and mistreated in the Jietou Incident until the magistrate of Rhizhao intervened and had him freed around noon on November 11. After the incident, Stenz was treated in a hospital in Qingdao. In the spring of 1899, Stenz participated in a German punitive expedition that was dispatched from Qingdao to Rizhao to avenge an attack on three Germans (a lieutenant, a mining engineer, and an interpreter).^[2] On June 16, 1899, a German newspaper (Kölnische Volkszeitung) ran a story that depicted life in the German colony of Qingdao in a negative light and blamed, e.g., German soldiers for lack of discipline, drunkenness, sexuell harassment of Chinese girls, and violent abuse of the local Chinese population.^[2] Although the article was published anonymously, Stenz was suspected to be the author and as a consequence was moved from Qingdao to Jining in early 1900 and was forbidden to write by Bishop Anzer.^[2] On April 25, 1900, Stenz left Jining to travel to Europe for medical treatment and recuperation. However, he may have been sent away because he was putting a strain on the relationship between the mission and the German authorities in Qingdao.^[2] While in Europe, Stenz participated in a push to remove the Vicar Apostolic of Southern Shandong, Johann Baptist von Anzer, from office. Anzer came to Rome to defend himself, but died on November 24, 1903 before his case could be resolved.^[2] Stenz returned to Shandong on May 20, 1904. After his return, he continued to participate in several missionary education activities for more than 20 years.^[2]

Death

Stenz suffered from a stroke on March 17, 1927 that deprived him of the ability to speak.^[2] On May 3 of the same year, he traveled to the USA via Shanghai for recuperation. In Techny, Illinois, he suffered from a second stroke on April 21, 1928 that left him unconscious. He died without having regained his consciousness on April 23.^[2] Georg Maria Stenz is buried on the cemetery of the compound of the Society of the Divine Word in Techny.

Attitude towards the Chinese

In his writings, Stenz refers to the Chinese as "yellow queue men" ("gelber Zopfmann") and claims that "the Chinese in general" ("der Chinese im allgemeinen") show what he considers "very disagreeable character traits to Europeans" ("dem Europäer gegenüber sehr unsympathische Charaktereigenschaften").^[3] In particular, he describes them as cunning ("verschmitzt") and with few exceptions incapable of true friendships ("gediegene Freundschaften"), as well as irascible ("Zorn"), cruel ("Grausamkeit"), cowardly ("Feigheit"), arrogant ("Stolz"), thankless ("Undankbarkeit"), and superstitious ("abergläubisch").^[3] He also describes the Chinese as filthy ("Schmutzigkeit"), but excuses this as a consequence of poverty.^[3]

Opinions about Georg M. Stenz

Works by Georg M. Stenz

References

1. ^¹Klaus Mühlhahn, Herrschaft und Widerstand in der "Musterkolonie" Kiautschou: Interaktionen zwischen China und Deutschland, 1897–1914, Oldenbourg Verlag, Jan 26, 2000
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵Stephan Puhl, Roman Malek (editor), "Georg M. Stenz, SVD (1869–1928): Chinamissionar im Kaiserreich und in der Republik", Steyler Verlag, Nettetal, 1994
3. ^¹²Georg Maria Stenz, In der Heimat des Konfuzius: Skizzen, Bilder und Erlebnisse aus Schantung, Druck und Verlag der Missionsdruckerei, 1902
4. ^Joseph Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising, University of California Press, Jul 19, 1988

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