“German destroyer Z24”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Z24 was one of eight Type 1936A destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) during World War II. Completed in 1940, the ship spent the first half of the war in Norwegian waters. She was very active in attacking the Arctic convoys ferrying war materials to the Soviet Union in 1941–1942, but only helped to sink one Allied ship herself.

After being rearmed in late 1942, Z24 was transferred to France where she spent 1943 escorting Axis blockade runners through the Bay of Biscay and played a minor role in the Battle of the Bay of Biscay at the end of the year. After the Allied landings in Normandy on 6 June 1944, she was one of the few remaining destroyers in French waters and was badly damaged during the Battle of Ushant several days later. After repairs had been completed in early August, the ship was damaged by Allied fighter-bombers in mid-August. Another attack later in the month by fighter-bombers sank Z24.

Design and description

The Type 1936A destroyers were slightly larger than the preceding Type 1936 class and had a heavier armament. They had an overall length of {{convert|127|m|ftin|sp=us}} and were {{convert|121.90|m|ftin|sp=us}} long at the waterline. The ships had a beam of {{convert|12|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a maximum draft of {{convert|4.62|m|ftin|sp=us}}. They displaced {{convert|2603|LT|t|sp=us}} at standard load and {{convert|3605|LT|t|sp=us}} at deep load. The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft, were designed to produce {{convert|70000|PS|kW shp|lk=on|abbr=on}} using steam provided by six Wagner water-tube boilers for a designed speed of {{convert|36|kn|lk=on}}. Z24 carried a maximum of {{convert|791|t|LT|0|sp=us}} of fuel oil which gave a range of {{convert|2500|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|19|kn}}. Her crew consisted of 11 officers and 321 sailors.^[1]

The ship carried four {{convert|15|cm|1|adj=on|sp=us}} TbtsK C/36 guns in single mounts with gun shields, one forward of the superstructure and three aft. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of four {{convert|3.7|cm|1|adj=on|sp=us}} C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and five {{convert|2|cm|1|adj=on|sp=us}} C/30 guns in single mounts. Z24 carried eight above-water {{convert|53.3|cm|in|adj=on|sp=us|0}} torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts.^[1] Two reloads were provided for each mount. She had four depth charge launchers and mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines. 'GHG' (Gruppenhorchgerät) passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines and an S-Gerät sonar was also probably fitted. The ship was equipped with a FuMO 21 radar set above the bridge.^[1]^[2]

Modifications

Service history

At the end of November the sisters reached Tromsø and was assigned to the 8. Zerstörerflottile (8th Destroyer Flotilla). On 17 December, Z24, along with her sisters Z23, Z25, and Z27, sortied into the Barents Sea on 16 December 1941, searching for Allied ships off the coast of the Kola Peninsula. The following day, Z25{{'}}s radar spotted two ships in heavy fog at a range of {{convert|37.5|km|sp=us}}. The Germans thought that they were Soviet destroyers, but they were actually two British minesweepers, {{HMS|Hazard|J02|2}} and {{HMS|Speedy|J17|2}}, sailing to rendezvous with Convoy QP 6. The Germans intercepted them, but the heavy fog and icing precluded accurate gunfire. The British ships were able to escape despite four hits on Speedy and the heavy expenditure of ammunition. On 13 January 1942, Z25 escorted Z23 and Z24 as they laid a minefield in the western channel of the White Sea. A week later, Z23 accidentally rammed Z24 in heavy fog on 20 January, forcing the latter to return to Wesermünde for repairs.^[5]

Anti-convoy operations

After they were completed, the ship escorted the heavy cruiser {{ship|German cruiser|Admiral Hipper||2}} to Norway on 18 March. Ten days later, Z24 and her sisters Z25 and {{ship|German destroyer|Z26||2}} departed the Varangerfjord in an attempt to intercept Convoy PQ 13. Later that night they rescued 61 survivors of the sunken freighter {{SS|Empire Ranger}} then sank the straggling {{GRT|4687|disp=adj}} freighter {{SS|Bateau}}. They rescued 7 survivors before resuming the search for the convoy. The light cruiser {{HMS|Trinidad|46|6}}, escorted by the destroyer {{HMS|Fury|H76|6}}, spotted the German ships with her radar at 08:49 on the 29th and was spotted herself around the same time. Both sides opened fire at the point-blank range of {{convert|3200|yd|m|sp=us}} in a snowstorm. Trinidad engaged the leading German destroyer, Z26, badly damaging her, and then switched to Z25 without making any hits. Between them the destroyers fired 19 torpedoes at the cruiser, all of which missed after Trinidad turned away, and hit her twice with their 15 cm guns, inflicting only minor damage. The British ships maneuvered to avoid torpedoes, which forced them to disengage, and Z26 accidentally became separated from her sisters. Trinidad and Fury pursued Z26 and further damaged her before Trinidad was crippled by one of her own torpedoes.^[6]

The destroyer {{HMS|Eclipse|H08|6}} took up the pursuit after Fury turned away to render assistance to the cruiser. After the sixth hit made by the British destroyer, Z26 lost power at 10:20 and was listing to port with her stern awash. Eclipse was maneuvering to give the German destroyer the coup de grâce with a torpedo when the snowstorm ended and visibility increased, revealing Z24 and Z25 approaching. They promptly opened fire at Eclipse, hitting her twice and wounding nine men, before she could find cover in a squall at 10:35. The German ships did not purse Eclipse, preferring to heave to and take off 88 survivors from Z26.^[7]

The two destroyers, now reinforced by Z7 Hermann Schoemann and assigned to Zerstörergruppe Arktis (Destroyer Group Arctic), commanded by Kapitän zur See (Captain) Alfred Schulze-Hinrichs, searched unsuccessfully for Convoys PQ 14 and QP 10 on 11 April.^[8] On 30 April the {{GS|U-456}} torpedoed and crippled the light cruiser {{HMS|Edinburgh|16|2}}, part of the close escort for Convoy QP 11. Later that day, the trio of destroyers were ordered to intercept her. The following afternoon they encountered the main body of the convoy and attacked in limited visibility. Over the next four hours, they made five attempts to close with the convoy, but the four escorting British destroyers were able to keep themselves between the Germans and the convoy. After being rebuffed, Schulze-Hinrichs decided to break off the attack and search for his original objective. The German ships were only able to sink the {{GRT|2847|link=off}} freighter, {{SS|Tsiolkovsky}}, with torpedoes from Z24 and Z25, and badly damage the escort destroyer {{HMS|Amazon|D39|2}} with gunfire. The British ships did not make any hits on the German destroyers.^[9]

Later that day, Edinburgh{{'}}s original escort of two destroyers was augmented by four British minesweepers and a small Russian tugboat. The cruiser was steaming under her own power at a speed of about {{convert|3|kn}} by the morning of 2 May with steering provided by the tugboat. She was spotted by the Germans and Z7 Hermann Schoemann exchanged fire with the minesweeper {{HMS|Harrier|J71|2}} at about 06:27. Edinburgh then cast off her tow and increased speed to her maximum of about {{convert|8|kn}}, steering in a circle. Z7 Hermann Schoemann maneuvered at {{convert|21|kn}} to obtain a good position from which to fire torpedoes once the range closed to {{convert|2800|m|yd|sp=us}}. At 06:36, the cruiser opened fire, with the first salvo only missing by about {{convert|100|m|yd|sp=us}}. The destroyer immediately turned away, increased speed to {{convert|31|kn}}, and started making smoke, but to no avail as the second salvo set her on fire and severed the main steam line, which disabled the engines. Z25 initially engaged the destroyer {{HMS|Forester|H74|2}}, hitting her three times at about 06:50, which disabled two guns and knocked out her power with a hit in her forward boiler room. Her sister {{HMS|Foresight|H68|2}} passed in front of Forester a few minutes later to draw the attention of Z24 and Z25, which succeeded all too well as she was hit four times by 07:24, disabling the engines and leaving her with only a single gun operable. In the meantime, the cruiser had been hit once more by a torpedo at 07:02, although it only knocked out her engines and gave her a list to port. Rather than sink any of the three disabled British ships or the lightly armed minesweepers, Z24 and Z25 concentrated on rescuing the crew of the drifting Z7 Hermann Schoemann despite occasional British shells. The former made multiple attempts to come alongside to take off about 210 survivors while the latter laid a smoke screen. Z7 Hermann Schoemann was then scuttled using her own depth charges. Z24 was unscathed during the battle, but Z25 was hit once.^[10]

The ship took part in the preliminaries of Operation Rösselsprung, an attempt to intercept Convoy PQ 17 in early July. Lützow and her sister {{ship|German cruiser|Admiral Scheer||2}} formed one group in Narvik with Z24 and four of her sisters while Admiral Hipper and the battleship {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz||2}} composed another. While en route to the rendezvous at the Altafjord, Lützow and three destroyers of Tirpitz{{'}}s escort ran aground, forcing the entire group to abandon the operation. On 12 July Z24 escorted one of the damaged destroyers to Kiel and then began a lengthy refit at Wesermünde that lasted until January 1943.^[11]

Operations in France

On 5 March 1943, the 8. Zerstörerflottile (Z23, Z24, {{Ship|German destroyer|Z32||2}} and {{Ship|German destroyer|Z37||2}}) was transferred via the English channel to the French Atlantic coast in Operation Karin. Despite attacks by British coastal artillery and motor torpedo boats, the flotilla managed to pass through the Straits of Dover unscathed, but Z37 ran aground at Le Havre en route. The flotilla provided distant cover for an attempt by the Italian blockade runner Himalaya to sail for the Far East on 28 March, but the ship had to return to Bordeaux after it was spotted by a British reconnaissance aircraft. Two days later, the flotilla escorted the Italian blockade runner Pietro Orseolo through the Bay of Biscay despite the ship being torpedoed by an American submarine and under heavy attack by Bristol Beaufighter fighter-bombers and Beaufort torpedo bombers; the German destroyers shot down five of the attacking aircraft. Himalaya made another attempt to break out on 9 April, but the ships were spotted by a Short Sunderland flying boat. After reversing course, they were attacked by Vickers Wellington bombers and Handley Page Hampden torpedo bombers. Five of the attackers were shot down. On 14 June Z24 and Z32 sortied into the Bay of Biscay to take off the survivors of the sunken {{GS|U-564}} which had been rescued by {{GS|U-185||2}}. The flotilla escorted submarines through the bay for the rest of the summer. On 24–26 December, the ship was one of the escorts for the {{GRT|6951|link=off}} blockade runner {{MV|Osorno}} through the Bay of Biscay.^[12]

Another blockade runner, the {{GRT|2729|link=off}} refrigerated cargo ship {{MV|Alsterufer}}, trailed Osorno by several days and four destroyers, including Z24, of the 8. Flotille and six torpedo boats of the 4. Torpedobootflotille (4th Torpedo Boat Flotilla) set sail on 27 December to escort her through the bay. The Allies were aware of these blockade runners through their Ultra code-breaking efforts and positioned cruisers and aircraft in the Western Atlantic to intercept them in Operation Stonewall. A Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bomber from No. 311 Squadron RAF sank Alsterufer later that afternoon. At about midday on 28 December, the British cruisers {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|2}} and {{HMS |Enterprise|D52|2}}, on patrol in the Bay of Biscay to intercept blockade runners, intercepted the German destroyers and torpedo boats, resulting in the Battle of the Bay of Biscay. Heavy seas prevented the German force from using its theoretical advantage in speed and firepower, with the destroyer Z27 and the torpedo boats {{Ship|German torpedo boat|T25||2}} and {{Ship|German torpedo boat|T27||2}} sunk. Z24 was neither engaged by the British cruisers nor fired its weapons and suffered engine problems during the battle.^[13]

The ship began a refit at La Pallice on 14 January 1944 that was completed in early May. After word of the Allied landings at Normandy on 6 June was received by Kapitan zur See Theodor von Bechtolsheim, commander of the 8. Zerstörerflottile, ordered his three remaining destroyers, Z24, Z32, {{Ship|German destroyer|ZH1||2}}, and the torpedo boat {{Ship|German torpedo boat|T24||2}}, to sail for Brest to begin operations against the invasion fleet. They were attacked by Beaufighters during their journey, with Z32 damaged by a pair of rockets and one aircraft forced to ditch. Once they reached Brest, Z24 and Z32 had their anti-aircraft suites reinforced. On the night of 8/9 June, the four ships set out from Brest for Cherbourg, but were intercepted by eight Allied destroyers of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla in the Battle of Ushant. The German ships had been spotted first and the British opened fire first, with the Germans responding with a four-torpedo salvo from each destroyer that missed when the Allied ships turned to evade them. Their fire was extremely effective with Z24 badly damaged only moments after firing her first salvo. The range was so close that both sides engaged with their {{convert|40|mm|abbr=on}} or 37 mm anti-aircraft guns which appreciably added to the damaged suffered by Z24. The Allied ships hit the German destroyer with five {{convert|4.7|in|abbr=on}} shells before she was able to lay smoke and disengage. The first shell struck the 15 cm loading room for the turret, severing all communication with the turret, while another shell devastated the forward superstructure, killing 13 men, and set the radio room on fire. Other shells hit the forward engine room, set the aft funnel and some ready-use ammunition on fire and destroyed one of the amidships quadruple 2 cm gun mounts. Two Canadian destroyers pursued Z24 and T24 until the German ships passed over a minefield and they reached Brest later in that evening.^[14]

The ship was under repair at Bordeaux from 13 July to 5 August, but was attacked by Allied fighter-bombers on the 14th off Royan. She was struck by five rockets and ninety 20 mm shells that damaged her superstructure and gun turret. Z24 returned to Bordeaux for repairs, but was attacked by rocket-carrying Beaufighters off Le Verdon-sur-Mer on 24 August. The ship was struck three times with one dead and another wounded from the attack. She managed to come alongside a quay the next day, but later capsized and sank. Her crew was incorporated into the defender of Festung Gironde (Fortress Gironde) that held out until the surrender of Germany in May 1945.^[15]

Notes

1. ^¹²Gröner, pp. 203–04
2. ^Whitley, pp. 68, 71–72
3. ^Gröner, p. 203; Koop & Schmolke, pp. 40, 105; Whitley, p. 159
4. ^Koop & Schmolke, pp. 24, 102; Rohwer, p. 78, 110; Whitley, pp. 116, 122–24
5. ^Koop & Schmolke, pp. 102, 104; Rohwer, pp. 127, 135; Whitley, pp. 131–32
6. ^Admiralty Historical Section 2007, pp. 27–29; Whitley, pp. 135–36
7. ^Admiralty Historical Section 2007, pp. 29–30; Whitley, p. 136
8. ^Rohwer, p. 158; Whitley, pp. 136–37
9. ^Admiralty Historical Section 2007, pp. 37–39; Rohwer, p. 162; Whitley, pp. 136–38
10. ^Admiralty Historical Section 2007, pp. 40–42; Koop & Schmolke, p. 104; Whitley, pp. 138–40
11. ^Koop & Schmolke, p. 104; Whitley, p. 141
12. ^Koop & Schmolke, p. 105; Rohwer, pp. 236, 241, 256, 294; Whitley, pp. 145–46, 148
13. ^Rohwer, p. 295; Whitley, p. 149
14. ^Rohwer, p. 332; Whitley, pp. 158–161
15. ^Koop & Schmolke, p. 105; Rohwer, p. 347; Whitley, pp. 162–63

References

External links