| 词条 | German submarine U-575 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
German submarine U-575 was a Type VIIC U-boat in service of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She carried out ten patrols, sailing for 463 days and sinking eight ships totalling {{GRT|36,010|disp=long}} and damaged three others of {{GRT|29,777}}. She was a member of 18 separate wolfpacks and was sunk north of the Azores by Allied ships and aircraft on March 1944.{{sfn|Kemp|1997|p=177}} DesignGerman Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-575 had a displacement of {{convert|769|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|871|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} She had a total length of {{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|50.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of {{convert|2800 to 3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|1.23|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|230|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|17.7|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|7.6|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|80|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|8500|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. U-575 was fitted with five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a {{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} Service historyThe submarine was laid down on 1 August 1940 at Blohm & Voss, Hamburg, as yard number 551. She was launched on 30 April 1941 and commissioned on 19 June under the command of Kapitänleutnant Günther Heydemann. She served with the 7th U-boat Flotilla until her loss (from 1 September 1941 to 13 March 1944). 1st patrolU-575{{'}}s first patrol was from Trondheim in Norway; she headed for the Atlantic Ocean via the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. She swept an area southeast of Greenland and sank the Tuva on 2 October 1941. The ship's crew abandoned their vessel in a pair of lifeboats and two rafts, but had to leave one of their number who had been trapped underneath debris. The neutral US destroyer {{USS|Winslow|DD-359|6}}, escorting convoy ON 20, came to help Tuva. As Winslow reached the area, she closed in on U-575 and began the tracing with depth charges, but U-575 escaped without any damage. The submarine was the target of an air attack on 7 October, but received minimal damage. She arrived at St. Nazaire in occupied France, on 9 October. Statistics
2nd patrolHaving left St. Nazaire on 9 November 1941, U-575 headed for the Newfoundland and Labrador coast. On 1 December 1941 she encountered the American tanker Astral at 35°40´N/24°00´W (ca. grid square CF75-79). The tanker had departed Aruba in Venezuela, and sailed to Lissabon with a cargo of 78,200 barrels of benzine and kerosine. For many hours, U-575 hunted Astral so that she could come into a good firing position; after doing so, Captain Heydemann recognized the neutral US flag, and refrained from attacking the tanker. On the return leg, when U-575 was looking to re-fuel at Vigo, Spain, she was depth charged. The damage was serious enough to prevent her entry into the Mediterranean; she was obliged to return to St. Nazaire, which she did on 17 December. Statistics
3rd patrolFor her third foray, U-575 left St. Nazaire on 14 January 1942. On the 25th, a lookout broke an arm in bad weather. At the end of January, U-575 was involved with {{GS|U-123|1940|2}} in trying, in the mid-ocean 'air-gap', to rendezvous with the Spreewald, a German blockade runner whose doctor might be able to treat one of U123{{'}}s crew members who had been injured. On the 31st, U-123 met U-575, but there was no sign of the Spreewald. She had been sunk, but it was not then known by whom.[2] Statistics
4th patrolU-575{{'}}s only target on this patrol was the Robin Hood, which she sank about {{convert|300|nmi}} southeast of Nantucket Island (off the eastern US coast). Statistics
5th patrolU-575 performed a steady stream of sinkings on her fifth sortie. The Norlandia was sunk on 4 July 1942 and {{SS|Empire Explorer||2}} on the 9th. Additionally, she sunk two sailing ships (Comrade and Glacier) with gunfire on the 18th. She also damaged San Gaspar off Manzilla, Trinidad[3] on the 18th. It was assumed at that time that this ship had been sunk, but she was taken in tow by the tug {{HMS|Roode Zee}} to Port of Spain,[3] repaired, and returned to service on October 1943. Statistics
6th patrolOn the boat's sixth patrol, a man was lost overboard on 5 October 1942. U-575 tallied another kill when she sank the troopship {{MV|Abosso}} which was sailing unescorted about {{convert|700|nmi}} northwest of the Azores. 362 people were killed. Abosso{{'}}s top speed was only {{convert|14|kn}} and therefore normally sailed only in convoys. One passenger, Dutch Navy submarine commander Lieutenant ter zee der 1e klasse H.C.J. Coumou had warned against this but the British authorities overruled him. On board were 162 crew, 20 DEMS gunners to defend the ship and 210 passengers. The passengers were 149 military, 44 internees and 17 civilians, including 10 women with children. The cargo was 3,000 tons of wool and mailbags. Among the military passengers were 44 newly trained pilots of the 23rd Service Flying Training School in Southern Rhodesia and 34 Dutch submariners on their way to crew the submarine Hr. Ms. Haai, which was then under construction. Haai had been laid down as {{HMS|Varne|P66|6}} for the Royal Navy but had been reallocated to the Dutch Navy. 30 of the submariners were killed on Abosso and the Dutch were unable to replace them. The British authorities therefore reallocated the submarine again, and she was launched as the Norwegian Navy {{ship|HNoMS|Ula|1943|6}}. Statistics
7th patrolOn U-575s seventh mission (on 9.1.1943 at 6:36 a.m.) the boat fired a torpedo from its stern at the Norwegian tanker Minister Wedel (with 6,830 GRT and part of convoy TM 1) and scored a hit. The tanker began to burn (position {{coord|28|08|N|28|20|W}}; grid square DG8682). Two minutes later, the submarine fired four FAT torpedoes, one of which hit the Norwegian tanker Norvik which was under the Panama flag. Norvik had {{GRT|10,034}}. Both torpedoed ships sank after also receiving damage from another German U-boat, {{GS|U-522||2}}. Minister Wedel{{'}}s crewmembers all survived, while the Narvik lost two men and 43 survived. On 25.1.1943, U-575 sank the US ship {{SS|City of Flint|1919|2}} from the convoy UGS 4, this time about {{convert|300|nmi|abbr=on}} southeast of the Azores. Statistics
8th patrolHer eighth sortie, which commenced on 22 April 1943 and finished on 11 June, was relatively uneventful. Statistics
9th patrolU-575 had a new Captain, Oberleutnant z. S. Wolfgang Boehmer, since September 1943, in time for her ninth patrol. The expedition was split into four parts; the first three were only a couple of days' duration. The fourth was longer and included an approach by a B-24 Liberator which turned away when engaged by the U-boat's anti-aircraft guns. Nevertheless, she crash-dived. Statistics
10th patrol and lossU-575 was fitted with a Snorkel. On this journey she was used as weather-boat. U-575 left St. Nazaire for the last time on 29 February 1944. After sinking {{HMS|Asphodel|K56|6}} northwest of Cape Finisterre on 10 March, the boat was hunted for 18 hours by convoy escorts, but escaped. Her luck ran out on the 13th when she was sunk by the combined efforts of the Canadian frigate {{HMCS|Prince Rupert|K324|6}}, the American destroyer {{USS|Hobson|DD-464|6}} and destroyer escort {{USS|Haverfield|DE-393|6}}, a British Vickers Wellington of No. 172 Squadron RAF, two B-17 Flying Fortresses of 206 and 208 squadrons and a TBM Avenger from {{USS|Bogue|CVE-9|6}}. Depth charges were used in the attack. 18 men died with U-575; there were 37 survivors. WolfpacksU-575 took part in 18 wolfpacks, namely:
Summary of raiding history
U-575 serves as an example of German submarine prowess during the Battle of the Atlantic. The typical U-boat was able to sink a vast amount of tonnage and destroy many times its own value (both monetary and manpower) before being destroyed by more expensive vessels and aircraft. U-575 was depth charged or bombed 188 times, while firing only 45 torpedoes during her entire lifetime. ReferencesNotes1. ^{{Cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/u575.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-575 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=29 December 2014}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Gannon |first=Michael |year=1990 |title=Operation Drumbeat: The Dramatic True Story of Germany's First U-Boat Attacks Along the American Coast in World War II |location=New York |publisher=Harper and Row |isbn=0-06016155-8 |pages=292–295}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |year=1995 |title=The Times Atlas of the World |edition=Third |isbn=0-7230-0809-4 |page=69}} 4. ^Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement. 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u575.html |title=Ships hit by U-575 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=7 October 2012}} Citations{{reflist}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945 |work=Der U-Boot-Krieg |volume=IV |publisher=Mittler |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn |year=1999 |isbn=3-8132-0514-2 |language=German |ref=harv }}
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}{{Refend}} External links
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u575.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-575 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=29 December 2014 }}
| portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Submarine | portal3=World War II }}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}{{DEFAULTSORT:U0575}} 11 : German Type VIIC submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1941|U-boats sunk in 1944|U-boats sunk by British aircraft|U-boats sunk by depth charges|U-boats sunk by US warships|U-boats sunk by Canadian warships|1941 ships|Ships built in Hamburg|World War II submarines of Germany|Maritime incidents in March 1944 |
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