| 词条 | German submarine U-581 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
German submarine U-581 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She carried out two patrols and sank one auxiliary warship of 364 tons. She was scuttled by her own crew after being pursued and attacked by a British warship near the Azores, in February 1942. After 20 years of search, in 2016, in a depth of approx. 900 m, the boat was discovered and filmed. DesignGerman Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-581 had a displacement of {{convert|769|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|871|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} She had a total length of {{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|50.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of {{convert|2800 to 3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|1.23|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|230|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|17.7|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|7.6|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|80|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|8500|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. U-581 was fitted with five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a {{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} Service historyThe submarine was laid down on 25 September 1940 at Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 557, launched on 12 June 1941 and commissioned on 31 July under the command of Kapitänleutnant Werner Pfeifer. She served with the 5th U-boat Flotilla from 31 July 1941 for training and moved to the 7th flotilla for operations until her loss, from 1 December 1941 to 2 February 1942. 1st patrolThe boat departed Kiel on 13 December 1941, moved through the North Sea, negotiated the gap between the Faroe and Shetland Islands and entered the Atlantic Ocean. She docked at St. Nazaire on the French Atlantic coast on the 24 December 1941. 2nd patrol and lossFor her second foray, U-581 left St. Nazaire on 11 January 1942. On 19 January, she likely sank the British armed trawler {{HMS|Rosemonde}} northeast of the Azores. There is an element of doubt because the small warship was not reported missing until this date. U-581 was sunk by depth charges from the British destroyer {{HMS|Westcott|D47|6}} near the Azores on 2 February 1942. Four men died; there were 41 survivors. One of U-581{{'}}s officers, Walter Sitek,[2] swam six kilometres to land. He was repatriated to Germany through neutral Spain. Sitek survived the war. Summary of raiding history
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/u581.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-581 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=9 October 2012}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/men/commanders/1198.html |title=Walter Sitek |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=29 December 2014}} 3. ^Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement. 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u581.html |title=Ships hit by U-581 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=4 February 2014}} Citations{{reflist}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945 |work=Der U-Boot-Krieg |volume=IV |publisher=Mittler |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn |year=1999 |isbn=3-8132-0514-2 |language=German |ref=harv }}
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}
|last=Kemp |first=Paul |title=U-Boats Destroyed - German Submarine Losses in the World Wars |location=London |year=1999 |publisher=Arms & Armour |isbn=1-85409-515-3 |ref=harv }}{{Refend}} External links
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u581.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-581 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=29 December 2014 }}
| url=http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0581.php | title=U 581 |last=Hofmann |first=Markus |website=Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de |language=German |accessdate=29 December 2014 }}
|url=http://www.uboatarchive.net/U-581INT.htm |author=British Admiralty, Naval Intelligence Division |title=C.B. 4051 (42) "U 581" Interrogation of Survivors |date=April 1942 |website=U-boat Archive - uboatarchive.net |language=English |accessdate=6 February 2017 }}
| portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Submarine | portal3=World War II }}{{coord missing|Atlantic Ocean}}{{DEFAULTSORT:U0581}} 9 : German Type VIIC submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1941|U-boats sunk in 1942|U-boats sunk by British warships|World War II submarines of Germany|1941 ships|World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean|Ships built in Hamburg|Maritime incidents in February 1942 |
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