“Retroflex trill”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Retroflex trill

释义

Occurrence
Notes
References

{{infobox IPA
|above=Retroflex trill
|ipa number=125 433 122
|ipa symbol=ɽ͡r
|decimal1=637
|decimal2=865
|decimal3=114
}}

The retroflex trill is a sound that has been reported in Toda and confirmed with laboratory measurements. Peter Ladefoged transcribes it with the IPA symbol that is normally associated with the retroflex flap, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ}}}}. Although the tongue starts out in a subapical retroflex position, trilling involves the tip of the tongue and causes it to move forward to the alveolar ridge. Thus, the retroflex trill gives a preceding vowel retroflex coloration, like other retroflex consonants, but the vibration itself is not much different from an alveolar trill. Thus, the narrower transcription {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ͡r}}}} is also appropriate.

Wahgi has a similar trilled allophone of its lateral flap, {{IPA|[{{PUA|̥}}r̥]}}, but it is voiceless.

Wintu and Lardil are other languages with a reported (apico-)retroflex trill where the tongue apex "approaches" the hard palate, but it is not subapical, unlike in Toda. The trill has a retroflex flap allophone that occurs between vowels.

Several languages have been reported to have trilled retroflex affricates such as {{IPA|[ɳɖ͡ɽ̝]}} and {{IPA|[ʈ͡ɽ̝̊]}}, including Mapudungun, Malagasy and Fijian. However, the exact articulation is seldom clear from descriptions.

In Fijian, for example, further investigation has revealed that the sound (written {{anglebracket|dr}}) is seldom trilled but is usually realized as a postalveolar stop {{IPA|[n̠d̠]}} instead. In Mapudungun, the sound (written tr) is strongly retroflex, causing {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/r/}} following the subsequent vowel to become retroflex as well. The southern dialect varies between {{IPA|/ʈɽ/}} and {{IPA|/ʈʂ/}}, but it is not clear whether the letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɽ}}}} represents a trill or a non-sibilant fricative.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch	North Brabant^[1]	{{lang\|nl\|riem}}	{{IPA\|[ɽ͡rim]}}	'belt'	A rare variant of {{IPA\|/r/}}, which occurs almost exclusively word-initially.^[2] Realization of {{IPA\|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Dutch	North Holland^[1]	{{lang\|nl\|riem}}	{{IPA\|[ɽ͡rim]}}	'belt'
Toda^[3]		{{IPA\|[kaɽ͡r]}}		'pen for calves'	Subapical. Toda contrasts plain and palatalized fronted alveolar, alveolar and retroflex trills.^[3]
Wintu^[4]		{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}		Apical

Notes

1. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|p=107}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=95, 97, 101, 107}}
3. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=223}}
4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Pitkin|1984|p=?}}

References

{{citation

|last1=Goeman
|first1=Ton
|last2=Van de Velde
|first2=Hans
|chapter=Co-occurrence constraints on {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} in Dutch dialects
|pages=91–112
|editor-last2=van Hout
|editor-first2=Roeland
|editor-last1=van de Velde
|editor-first1=Hans
|year=2001
|title='r-atics
|publisher=Etudes & Travaux
|place=Brussels
|issn=0777-3692
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745_'r-atics._Sociolinguistic_phonetic_and_phonological_characteristics_of_r
}}

{{SOWL}}
{{citation

|last=Pitkin
|first=Harvey
|year=1984
|title=Wintu grammar
|publisher=University of California Press.
|place=Berkeley
|isbn=0-520-09612-6
}}{{IPA navigation}}{{LetterR}}{{phonetics-stub}}

3 : Retroflex consonants|Trill consonants|Pulmonic consonants

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