词条 | Ghosts in Thai culture |
释义 |
Belief in ghosts in Thai culture is both popular and enduring.[1] In the history of Thailand Buddhist popular beliefs intermingled with legends of spirits or ghosts of local folklore. These myths have survived and evolved, having been adapted to the modern media, such as Thai films, Thai television soap operas, and Thai comics. Some of the ghosts of Thai culture are shared with neighboring cultures. Krasue, for example is part of the Cambodian, Lao, and Malay cultures as well.[2] A few of these, including the tall Pret, are part of the mythology of Buddhism.[3] There are, however, others, such as Phi Dip Chin, which have entered Thai ghost lore through the Chinese community residing in Thailand for the past few centuries.[4] BeliefsThai spirits or ghosts are known generically as phi (ผี). A large proportion of these spirits are nocturnal. Except for the well-known Pret, most ghosts were traditionally not represented in paintings or drawings, hence they are purely based on oral tradition.[5] The local beliefs regarding the village spirits of Thailand were studied by Phraya Anuman Rajadhon.[6] Ghosts are believed to frequent, among other places, certain trees, burial grounds near Buddhist temples, as well as abandoned houses. There are different categories of ghosts. Certain ghosts dwelling in mountains and forests are generally known as Phi Khao ({{lang|th|ผีเขา}}) and Phi Pa ({{lang|th|ผีป่า}}). Geographic locations such as the Phi Pan Nam Range ({{lang|th|ทิวเขาผีปันน้ำ}}), 'the mountain range that the spirits use to divide the waters', and Phae Mueang Phi (แพะเมืองผี) are named after ancient ghosts believed to dwell in these places. Female ghosts or fairies related to trees such as Nang Ta-khian and Nang Tani are known generically as Nang Mai ({{lang|th|นางไม้}} 'Lady of the Tree').[6] List of Thai ghostsSome of the most well-known Thai ghosts are the following:
The Ka ghostThe phi-ka (Thai: ผีกะ) ghost is a kind of ghost that originates in northern Thailand.[18] It looks like the Phi-Pob (Thai: ผีปอบ) ghost because it takes the form of a human body. It is believed that it likes eating raw meat. The Phi-Ka ghost[19] can be divided into six types. First, the Phi-Ka-Phranang (Thai: ผีกะพระ-นาง) is one of the best-known of this variety of ghost as it is believed that a sacrifice made to this ghost can bring fame and fortune to those seeking it. Another well-known example of this type of ghost is the Phi-Ka-Dong (Thai: ผีกะดง). This entity is known to be quite ferocious and it is believed that it usually hunts in a group or pack. The saliva of the Phi-Ka-Dong (when it takes its physical form) is believed by some to be able to help treat some illnesses and diseases. There is also the Phi-Ka-Arkom (Thai: ผีกะอาคม), which is a kind of ghost that was a human who violated or broke a tradition. In the past, before an academy would accept a student, the applicant would have to perform a khun khru ceremony. If not, the student would be cursed and become a Phi-Ka-Arkom. Next, the Phi-Ka-Takood (Thai: ผีกะตระกูล) is a ghost that protects fields, making them more fertile. Fifth, the Phi-Ka-Taihong (Thai: ผีกะตายโหง) is a person who died unnaturally, but unaware that they are dead. The last type of Phi-Ka ghost[20] is the Nokkhaophika (Thai: นกเค้าผีกะ), with an owl as its symbol. If the ghost comes to a village in the evening, owls will cry out unnaturally. Interaction with ghostsGhosts in Thai culture may be benevolent. Certain ghosts have their own shrines and among these there are some, such as the Mae Nak Phra Khanong shrine in Bangkok, that are quite important. Usually though, humbler tutelary spirits live in little dwellings known as san phra phum ({{lang-th|ศาลพระภูมิ}}), small ghost shrines that provide a home for these household or tree spirits. These shrines are common near trees and groves and in urban areas, close to buildings. It is considered a bad omen to neglect these spots and offerings are regularly made by people living nearby.[21] Usually offerings to tree spirits are small things such as small food items, drinks, incense sticks or fruits, but when important favors are requested it is common to offer the head of a pig. After the ceremony is over the pig head is brought home and eaten.[6] The mo phi ({{lang-th|หมอผี}}; {{rtgs|mo phi}}) or 'witch doctor' may invoke spirits of the dead. In this ritual, four sticks are usually planted at equal distance from each other on the ground near the burial or cremation place. A thread is tied around the sticks forming a protective square and a mat is spread in the middle. The mo phi sits down within this enclosure, often along with other people present at the ritual. In front of him, outside of the square there is a mo khao terracotta jar containing ashes or bones of the dead person with a yantra painted on the outside. Beside the jar there is also a plate of rice as offering and a stick or switch to keep the spirits at bay.[22] On the other hand, there are spirits that are considered dangerous and need to be disposed of. In these cases the mo phi may conduct a ritual in order to confine the dangerous ghost to an earthen jar, which may be sealed and thrown into a deep canal, river or lake.[22] The persistence of folk belief in malevolent spirits was demonstrated in a 2017 case occurring at Ban Na Bong, Nong Kung Si District, Kalasin Province. There, the mysterious deaths of two men and several animals prompted villagers to ascribe their deaths to malicious phi pop. Seeking help, villagers from 370 households paid 124 Thai baht per house to hire an exorcist from Chiang Yuen District in Maha Sarakham Province and a well-known monk from Wat Chaiwan to eliminate the malevolent spirits. The people of Ban Na Bong turned up en masse at the village hall for a ghost busting ceremony on 29 October. The rite took more than two hours. The exorcist and the monk, aided by 20 assistants, caught at least 30 phi pop, forcing them into bamboo tubes which were then incinerated. Police and district officials ensured the event went smoothly. Preventive medical specialists from the Kalasin Provincial Public Health Office later identified the cause of death in Ban Na Bong as leptospirosis ({{lang-th|โรคฉี่หนู}}; {{rtgs|rok chi nu}}) and high blood pressure.[23] Phi Ta Khon, sometimes known as Ghost Festival, is a three-day festival held in Loei Province. Mae Nak Phra KhanongThe most famous ghost story in Thailand is the Mae Nak Phra Khanong. The story is associated with events that allegedly took place in the early-1800s, during the reign of King Rama IV of Thailand. In 1959 the story was first developed into a movie, with many later cinematic versions to follow. The latest cinematic version of the Mae Nak story is Pee Mak, a 2013 comedy-horror film by GMM Tai Hub. The movie debuted on 26 March 2013, making 500 million baht, and went on to become the top Thai movie in the box office for 2013. Over time, the Mae Nak spirit has evolved into a sacred figure/deity within Thai culture, with a large shrine to the spirit being built in Mae Nak's hometown, and with many Mae Nak followers throughout Thailand. The Mae Nak story is predated by three centuries by the amazingly similar parallel version from nearby Cambodian culture, going back to the 16th century, the Ghost Banana Tree story.{{Citation needed|reason=16th century|date=May 2018}} Modern mediaThai cinema began popularizing the ghosts and legends of the folklore of Thailand in the 20th century. Ghosts of the local tradition appeared in horror movies, as well as in side-roles in mainstream movies. Phraya Anuman Rajadhon established that most of the contemporary iconography of Thai folk ghosts[6][24][25] has its origins in Thai films that have now become classics.[26]Thai television soap operas have contributed to popularize the ghost theme. Some soap operas, such as Raeng Ngao, include the folk ghosts of Thai culture interacting with the living. The Raeng Ngao story proved so popular that four remakes have been made after it was first aired in 1986. Most of the Thai ghosts are so well-liked that they appear regularly in comic books as well as in films for children, including computer animated movies, such as Nak,[27] and animated cartoons.[28] References1. ^{{cite news |last1=Biggs |first1=Andrew |title=A Spiritual land |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1565906/a-spiritual-land |accessdate=29 October 2018 |work=Bangkok Post |issue=Brunch |date=28 October 2018}} 2. ^{{cite news| last=Yongcharoenchai|first=Chaiyot|title=As cultures come together, it's all in bad spirits|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/828500/as-cultures-come-together-it-all-in-bad-spirits|accessdate=19 January 2016|work=Bangkok Post|date=2016-01-16}} 3. ^Hantu Penanggalan/Balan-balan {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074526/http://www.sioloon.com/t8555-hantu-penanggalan-balan-balan |date=2011-07-16 }} 4. ^{{cite web|title=เจียงซือ,jiangshi,ผีดิบจีน|url=http://oknation.nationtv.tv/blog/print.php?id=786333|website=OK Nation|accessdate=14 October 2017}} 5. ^"Ghosts and Spirits of Lan Na Northern Thailand", in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE 6. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Spirits|url=http://www.thaiworldview.com/bouddha/animism5.htm|website=Thai Worldview|accessdate=14 October 2017}} 7. ^หุ่นพยนต์ตาปะขาวตักศิลาไสยเวทแดนใต้ 8. ^http://www.tnews.co.th/contents/198483 9. ^http://www.tumnandd.com/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9/ 10. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LigWMJ2Us8w Thai Ghost - Phi Krasue Captured on Phone Cam] 11. ^Phi Dip Chin 12. ^รูปผีมะพร้าว ,รูปผีกระบอกไม้, รูปผีผ้า 13. ^ผีมะพร้าว {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220134026/http://happy.teenee.com/xfile/ghostexp/927.html |date=2007-02-20 }} 14. ^Folklore Thai movies based on snakes 15. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHA7EPgPkDI ผีปลวก] 16. ^ name="BP-20171107">{{cite news|last1=Phupuangphet|first1=Yongyuth|title=Disease, not malevolent ghosts, killed villagers|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1356191/disease-not-malevolent-ghosts-killed-villagers|accessdate=8 November 2017|work=Bangkok Post|date=7 November 2017}} 17. ^เสือสมิงในประพาสต้นจันทบุรี 18. ^{{cite web|title=Thailand Northern Provinces|url=http://www.trekthailand.net/p1/|website=trekthailand|accessdate=19 November 2015}}{{failed verification|date=October 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Thai Ghosts|url=http://www.thaivisa.com/forum/topic/78621-thai-ghosts/|website=thaivisa|accessdate=30 August 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=A look at Thailand’s ghosts and one caught on camera|url=http://www.samuitimes.com/a-look-at-thailands-ghosts-and-one-caught-on-camera/|website=samuitimes|accessdate=30 August 2015}} 21. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/spirit_house.html |title=The Thai Spirit House |access-date=2013-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309130354/http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/spirit_house.html |archive-date=2013-03-09 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 22. ^1 2 3 Phya Anuman Rajadhon, Essays on Thai Folklore, Editions Duang Kamol, {{ISBN|974-210-345-3}} 23. ^{{cite news|last1=Phupuangphet|first1=Yongyuth|title=Disease, not malevolent ghosts, killed villagers|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1356191/disease-not-malevolent-ghosts-killed-villagers|accessdate=8 November 2017|work=Bangkok Post|date=7 November 2017}} 24. ^Ghosts of Thai folklore 25. ^Phi Krahang{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 26. ^Movie poster showing Thai ghosts Krahang and Krasue with Count Dracula 27. ^Nak movie 28. ^Nang Nak Kab 3 Puan Further reading
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