| 词条 | 1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision |
| 释义 |
| occurrence_type = Midair Collision | image = Mk15.jpg | caption = A Mk 15 nuclear bomb of the type lost when jettisoned after the collision | date = February 5, 1958 | type = Midair collision | site = Tybee Island, Georgia, U.S. | coords = {{coord|32|0|N|80|51|W|type:event_region:US-GA|display=inline,title}} | total_survivors = | plane1_type = Boeing B-47 | plane1_operator = United States Air Force | plane1_crew = | plane1_origin = | plane1_destination = | plane1_fatalities = 0 | plane1_survivors = | plane1_tailnum = 51-2349 | plane2_type = F-86 Sabre | plane2_operator = United States Air Force | plane2_origin = | plane2_destination = | plane2_crew = 1 | plane2_survivors = 1 }} The Tybee Island mid-air collision was an incident on February 5, 1958, in which the United States Air Force lost a {{convert|7600|lb|kg|adj=on}} Mark 15 nuclear bomb in the waters off Tybee Island near Savannah, Georgia, United States. During a practice exercise, an F-86 fighter plane collided with the B-47 bomber carrying the bomb. To protect the aircrew from a possible detonation in the event of a crash, the bomb was jettisoned. Following several unsuccessful searches, the bomb was presumed lost somewhere in Wassaw Sound off the shores of Tybee Island. Midair collision{{Location map+|USA Georgia|width=200|caption=Georgia|float=left|places= {{Location map~|USA Georgia|lon_dir=W|lat_dir=N|lat_deg=32|lat_min=0|lon_deg=80|lon_min=51|label=Crash site|position=left}} {{Location map~|USA Georgia|lon_dir=W|lat_dir=N|lat_deg=33|lat_min=45|lon_deg=84|lon_min=23|label=Atlanta|position=left}}}} The B-47 bomber was on a simulated combat mission from Homestead Air Force Base in Florida.[1] It was carrying a single {{convert|7600|lb|kg|adj=on}} bomb. At about 2:00 AM, an F-86 fighter collided with the B-47. The F-86 crashed after the pilot ejected from the plane. The damaged B-47 remained airborne, plummeting {{convert|18000|ft|m|adj=off}} from {{convert|38000|ft|m|adj=off}} when Major Richardson regained flight control.[2][3] The crew requested permission to jettison the bomb, in order to reduce weight and prevent the bomb from exploding during an emergency landing. Permission was granted, and the bomb was jettisoned at {{convert|7200|ft|m}} while the bomber was traveling at about {{convert|200|knot|km/h}}. The crew did not see an explosion when the bomb struck the sea. They managed to land the B-47 safely at the nearest base, Hunter Air Force Base. The pilot, Colonel Howard Richardson, was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross after this incident.[3] The bombSome sources describe the bomb as a functional nuclear weapon, but others describe it as disabled. If the bomb had a plutonium nuclear core installed, it was a fully functional weapon. If the bomb had a dummy core installed, it was incapable of producing a nuclear explosion but could still produce a conventional explosion. The 12-foot (4 m) long Mark 15 bomb weighs {{convert|7600|lb|kg}} and bears the serial number 47782. It contains {{convert|400|lb|kg}} of conventional high explosives and highly enriched uranium.[4] The Air Force maintains that the bomb's nuclear capsule, used to initiate the nuclear reaction, was removed before its flight aboard B-47.[5] As noted in the Atomic Energy Commission "Form AL-569 Temporary Custodian Receipt (for maneuvers)", signed by the aircraft commander, the bomb contained a simulated 150-pound cap made of lead.[6] However, according to 1966 Congressional testimony by then Assistant Secretary of Defense W.J. Howard, the Tybee Island bomb was a "complete weapon, a bomb with a nuclear capsule," and one of two weapons lost by that time that contained a plutonium trigger.[7][8] Nevertheless, a study of the Strategic Air Command documents indicates that in February 1958, Alert Force test flights (with the older Mark 15 payloads) were not authorized to fly with nuclear capsules on board. Such approval was pending deployment of safer "sealed-pit nuclear capsule" weapons, which did not begin deployment until June 1958.[9] If a nuclear detonation had occurred, the possible blast effects would have included a fireball with a radius of {{convert|2|km|order=flip}} and thermal radiation causing third-degree burns for ten times that distance.[10] Recovery effortsStarting on February 6, 1958, the Air Force 2700th Explosive Ordnance Disposal Squadron and 100 Navy personnel equipped with hand-held sonar and galvanic drag and cable sweeps mounted a search. On April 16, the military announced the search had been unsuccessful. Based on a hydrologic survey, the bomb was thought by the Department of Energy to lie buried under 5 to 15 feet (2 to 5 m) of silt at the bottom of Wassaw Sound.[5] In 2004, retired Air Force Lt. Colonel Derek Duke claimed to have narrowed the possible resting spot of the bomb down to a small area approximately the size of a football field.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} He and his partner located the area by trawling in their boat with a Geiger counter in tow. Secondary radioactive particles four times naturally occurring levels were detected and mapped, and the site of radiation origination triangulated. Subsequent investigations found the source of the radiation was natural, originating from monazite deposits.[11] Ongoing concernsAs of 2007, no undue levels of unnatural radioactive contamination have been detected in the regional Upper Floridan aquifer by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (over and above the already high levels thought to be due to monazite, a locally occurring sand that is naturally radioactive).[12][13] In popular cultureIn February 2015, a satirical news site ran an article stating that the bomb was found by vacationing Canadian divers and that the bomb had since been removed from the bay. The fake story spread widely via social media.[14] The collision and its aftermath also drives the plot of the novel, Three Chords & The Truth, by Craig McDonald published in November 2016.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} See also{{Portal|United States Air Force}}
Notes1. ^{{Cite book |editor=Mark Natola |title=Boeing B-47 Stratojet |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd. |year=2002 |isbn=0764316702 |pages=77–80}} 2. ^Boeing B-47 Stratojet 3. ^1 BBC News, Missing for 50 years – US nuclear bomb (June 22, 2009) 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/Allbombs.html |title=Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons |accessdate=November 11, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216093542/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/Allbombs.html |archivedate=December 16, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} 5. ^1 {{cite web | publisher = Air Force Nuclear Weapons and Counterproliferation Agency (PDF)| date = April 12, 2001 | url = http://www.buckley.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060726-022.pdf | title = Air Force Search & Recovery Assessment of the 1958 Savannah,B-47 Accident| accessdate= February 27, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408222930/http://www.buckley.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060726-022.pdf |archivedate=April 8, 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 6. ^The Nuclear Information Project {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103004458/http://www.nukestrat.com/us/afn/01-027H_USAF_020458.pdf |date=November 3, 2005 }}, Form AL-569, "Temporary Custodian Receipt (for maneuvers)," to U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Albuquerque Operations, from James W. Twitty, Col., U.S. Air Force, February 4, 1958. Released under FOIA. (PDF) {{cite web|url=http://www.nukestrat.com/us/afn/01-027H_USAF_020458.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=August 22, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103004458/http://www.nukestrat.com/us/afn/01-027H_USAF_020458.pdf |archivedate=November 3, 2005 |df= }} 7. ^CounterPunch.org, When We Almost Nuked Savannah: The Case of the Missing H-Bomb (May 15, 2009) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703165558/http://www.counterpunch.org/stclair05152009.html |date=July 3, 2011 }} 8. ^NPR Media, Letter of W.J. Howard, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy), to the Chairman of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States (April 22, 1966). (PDF) Page 1, Page2. 9. ^The Nuclear Information Project, History of the Strategic Air Command January 1, 1958 – June 30, 1958. Released under FOIA. (PDF) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709185926/http://www.nukestrat.com/us/afn/SAC01-0658.pdf |date=July 9, 2015 }} 10. ^NukeMap, nuclearsecrecy.com 11. ^Lost H-bomb:RIP {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205185312/http://savannahnow.com/stories/062205/3115736.shtml |date=February 5, 2018 }} 12. ^America's Lost H Bomb {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030000700/http://www.americaslosthbomb.com/ |date=October 30, 2010 }}, Discovery's Science Channel documentary about the Tybee Bomb (2007) 13. ^Chatham County Public Works and Park Services, Drinking Water Quality Consumer Confidence Report (2007) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809010532/http://www.chathamcounty.org/department_freeform_T7_R264.html |date=August 9, 2009 }} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Georgia Warhead|url=http://www.snopes.com/media/notnews/warhead.asp|website=snopes.com|publisher=Snopes|accessdate=May 6, 2015|ref=A disclaimer on the site states that all of the information contained therein is for "entertainment purposes only."}} References{{Refbegin}}
External links{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-1958 Tybee Island mid-air collision-article.oga|2012-04-25}}
10 : Chatham County, Georgia|Military nuclear accidents and incidents|Mid-air collisions|History of Georgia (U.S. state)|Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1958|Aviation accidents and incidents in Georgia (U.S. state)|Accidents and incidents involving United States Air Force aircraft|1958 in Georgia (U.S. state)|February 1958 events|Nuclear accidents and incidents in the United States |
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