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词条 Giant pika
释义

  1. Distribution

     Detailed fossil distribution 

  2. Biology

  3. Occurrence and extinction

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. Additional references of the Paleobiology Database

{{speciesbox
| name = Giant pika
| fossil_range =
Lower/Middle Pleistocene
to Early Holocene, {{fossil range|1.8|0.01}}
| genus = Ochotona
| species = whartoni
| authority = Guthrie and Matthews, Jr. 1971[1][2]
| range_map = Giant pika Ochotona whartoni fossil distribution.gif
| range_map_caption = Fossil distribution of Ochotona whartoni and Ochotona cf. whartoni. Cape Deceit and Old Crow River are red, other sites black.
}}

The giant pika{{refn|group=n|name=a|Common name: giant pika - i.e. Harington 1978,[3] Harington 2003,[4] Mead 1987,[5] according to Harington 2003[4] also Mead 1996.[7]}} or Wharton's pika{{refn|group=n|name=b|Common name: Wharton's pika - Kurten 1980.[8]}} (Ochotona whartoni) is an extinct mammal species in the family Ochotonidae.[1] It lived during the Pleistocene and early Holocene in northern parts of North America (Alaska, US and Canada).[2]{{refn|group=n|name=c|Ochotona whartoni in the Paleobiology Database.[2]}}[4] Very similar forms have also been found also in Siberia.[20][21]

Distribution

The giant pika has been found in Alaska[1][2][7][8] (United States), Yukon[2][7] (O. whartoni[28] and O cf. whartoni,[3][30] large number of locations), Alberta[5] and Ontario (Canada).[4] A close relative O. whartoni (O. cf. whartoni) is also known from Eastern Siberia and Kolyma.[20][21]

The ancestors of these pikas migrated from Eurasia to North America during the Early Pleistocene via the Bering Land Bridge, along with another group of small pikas close to the "O. pusilla group". This migration was separate from that of O. spanglei,[20] which entered North America approximately three million earlier at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary.[21]

Detailed fossil distribution

  • Canada
    • Old Crow River,[8][20][21] Yukon, Irvingtonian (1.8 - 0.3 Ma){{refn|group=n|name=d|The Paleobiology Database collections: Old Crow River Lower OCR 11 (Pleistocene of Canada) and Lower OCR 12 (Pleistocene of Canada).}} and Middle Pleistocene (0.8 - 0.1 Ma),{{refn|group=n|name=e|The Paleobiology Database collection: Old Crow River site 14N (Pleistocene of Canada).}} O cf. whartoni[2][30] and O. whartoni.[2]
    • Old Crow River,[8][20][21] Yukon, Late/Upper Pleistocene[2] (Late Illinoian-Sangamonian[4][5])
      (0.1 - 0.0 Ma[2]{{refn|group=n|name=f|The Paleobiology Database collection: Old Crow River Locality 44 (Pleistocene of Canada).}} / ~125,000-80,000 BP[4][7]), at least 10 locations,[4][7] O. cf. whartoni[2][3]
    • Thistle Creek, Yukon, Middle Pleistocene (0.8 - 0.1 Ma), O. whartoni[2]{{refn|group=n|name=g|The Paleobiology Database collection: Thistle Creek (Pleistocene of Canada).}}[28]
    • Eagle Cave, Alberta, >33,000 BP[4][5]
    • Elba Cave at Elba, Ontario, 8670±220 BP [4][7] (the last known occurrence of this species[4][7][75])
    • Kelso Cave, Ontario, Late Wisconsian (>32,000 BP[5])[4][7]

The large form of Ochotona was found in 2 of 5 localities in eastern North America.[4][7]

  • United States
    • Cape Deceit,[8][20][21] Alaska, Cape Deceit Formation, Irvingtonian (1.8 - 0.3 Ma), O. whartoni,[1][2]{{refn|group=n|name=h|The Paleobiology Database collection: Cape Deceit (Pleistocene of the United States)." }}[4][7]
      (the species was discovered here[1][2]{{refn|group=n|name=c}})
    • Gold Hill Cut at Fairbanks,[8] Alaska[4][7][20]
  • Russia - only O cf. whartoni
    • From eastern Siberia - Zayarsk site to the Kolyma Range area (Krestovka Sections, Yakutia), in Kolyma from Late Cenozoic[21]
    • Western Siberia,[20] but [21] mentions only Ochotona as occurring there.

Biology

The giant pika is much larger than other North American pikas, but is of a similar size to the extinct early and middle Pleistocene O. complicidens and extant O. koslowi (Koslov's pika), both from China, and may belong to one of them.[8] Unlike the American pika (O. princeps), which inhabits scree slopes, the giant pika's habitat was largely tundra and steppe, similar to Eurasian pikas.[8]

Occurrence and extinction

The giant pika has been found in North America from the Irvingtonian (1.8–0.3 Ma, Lower–Middle Pleistocene)[1][7][30] throughout Middle Pleistocene[7][28] to Late Pleistocene (0.1–0.0Ma)[3][5] locations.[2]

The last occurrence of the giant pika is known from early the Holocene of eastern North America (a cave at Elba in the Niagara Escarpment, Ontario[7]) and its radiometric date is 8670±220 years BP (14C age) or 10251-9140 BP (calibrated date).[7][75] It is possible that it survived in the rocky areas along the Niagara Escarpment as a relict population.[4][7]

Notes

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |last=Guthrie |first=R.D. |last2=Matthews |first2=John V. Jr. |year=1971 |title=The Cape Deceit fauna—Early pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan arctic |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=474–510 |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(71)90060-3 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0033589471900603 |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book |last=Kurtén |first=Björn |others=Photographs by Elaine Anderson |year=1980 |title=Pleistocene Mammals of North America |series= |pages=275–276 |chapter= |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0231037334 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8pviaxPIKEC&pg=PA275&lpg=PA275#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite web |url=http://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=49269 |title=The Paleobiology Database. †Ochotona whartoni Guthrie and Matthews, Jr. 1971 (pika) |author= |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}
4. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last=Jopling |first=A. V. |last2=Irving |first2=W. N. |last3=Beebe |first3=B. F. |year=1981 |title=Stratigraphic, Sedimentological and Faunal Evidence for the Occurrence of Pre-Sangamonian in Northern Yukon |journal=Arctic |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=3–33 |url=http://arctic.synergiesprairies.ca/arctic/index.php/arctic/article/download/2499/2476 |accessdate=April 13, 2014 |doi=10.14430/arctic2499 }}
5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last=Harington |first=Charles Richard |year=1978 |title=Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence |series=Syllogeus, no. 15 |publisher=National Museums of Canada |location=Ottawa |url=https://archive.org/stream/syllogeus15nati/syllogeus15nati_djvu.txt |accessdate=April 13, 2014 }}
6. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last=Storer |first=J. E. |year=2004 |title=A Middle Pleistocene (late Irvingtonian) mammalian fauna from Thistle Creek, Klondike Goldfields region of Yukon Territory, Canada |journal=Paludicola |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=137–150 }}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal |last=Erbajeva |first=Margarita A. |last2=Mead |first2=Jim I. |last3=Alexeeva |first3=Nadezhda V. |last4=Angelone |first4=Chiara |last5=Swift |first5=Sandra L. |year=2011 |title=Taxonomic diversity of Late Cenozoic Asian and North American ochotonids (an overview) |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |pages=1–9 |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/2011_3/25_erbajeva/25_erbajeva.pdf |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal |last=Erbajeva |first=Margarita A. |last2=Mead |first2=Jim I. |last3=Swift |first3=Sandra L. |year=2003 |title=Evolution and development of Asian and North American ochotonids |journal=Occasional Papers in Earth Sciences No. 5 |pages=33–34 |url=http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/publications/IMC_Program_Abtracts_2003.pdf |accessdate=April 13, 2014 |quote=3rd INTERNATIONAL MAMMOTH CONFERENCE, 2003: PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS, Edited by John E. Storer}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite book |last=Harington |first=Charles Richard |year=2003 |title=Annotated Bibliography of Quaternary Vertebrates of Northern North America: With Radiocarbon Dates |pages=228–229 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Ottawa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQtyg5m1zQkC&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=April 13, 2014 |isbn=978-0802048172 }}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |last=Mead |first=Jim I. |date=1987-06-01 |title=Quaternary records of pika, Ochotona, in North America |journal=Boreas |volume=16 |pages=165–171 |doi=10.1006/qres.1996.0009 |issn=0300-9483 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1987.tb00768.x/abstract |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite journal |last=Mead |first=Jim I. |date=January 1996 |title=Ochotona (Lagomorpha) from Late Quaternary Cave Deposits in Eastern North America |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=93–101 |doi=10.1006/qres.1996.0009 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589496900095 |accessdate=April 13, 2014}}
12. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Turvey |first=Samuel T. |date=May 28, 2009 |title=Holocene Extinctions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbU-F42JU1AC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48 |location=Oxford New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199535095 |accessdate=2014-04-11 }}
13. ^{{cite journal |last=Guthrie |first=R. D. |last2=Matthews, Jr. |first2=J. V. |date=1971 |title=The Cape Deceit fauna—Early pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan arctic |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=1 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(71)90060-3 |pages=474–510}} [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
14. ^{{cite journal |authors=A. V. Jopling |date=1981 |title=Stratigraphic, Sedimentological and Faunal Evidence for the Occurrence of Pre-Sangamonian Artefacts in Northern Yukon |journal=Arctic |volume=34 |issue=1 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.14430/arctic2499}} [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
15. ^{{cite journal |last=Harington |first=C. R. |date=1978 |title=Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence |journal=Syllogeus |volume=15 }} [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
16. ^{{cite journal |last=Harington |first=C. R. |date=1990 |title=Vertebrates of the last interglaciation in Canada: A review |journal=Geographie Physique et Quaternaire |volume=44 |issue=3 |doi=10.7202/032837ar |pages=375}} [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Uhen]
17. ^{{cite journal |last=Storer |first=J. E. |date=2004 |title=A Middle Pleistocene (late Irvingtonian) mammalian fauna from Thistle Creek, Klondike Goldfields region of Yukon Territory, Canada |journal=Paludicola |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=137–150 }} [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
18. ^{{cite journal |last=Tedford |first=R. H. |last2=Wang |first2=X |last3=Taylor |first3=B. E. |date=2009 |title=Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae) |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=325 |pages=1–218|doi=10.1206/574.1|hdl=2246/5999 }} [J. Marcot/J. Marcot]
19. ^{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=20277 |title=The Paleobiology Database collection: Cape Deceit (Pleistocene of the United States) |author= |accessdate=2015-03-14 |quote=authorized by John Alroy}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=20433 |title=The Paleobiology Database collection: Old Crow River (Lower OCR 11) (Pleistocene of Canada) |author= |accessdate=2015-03-14 |quote=authorized by John Alroy}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=20434 |title=The Paleobiology Database collection: Old Crow River (Lower OCR 12) (Pleistocene of Canada) |author= |accessdate=2015-03-14 |quote=authorized by John Alroy}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=159681 |title=The Paleobiology Database collection: Old Crow River site 14N (Pleistocene of Canada) |author= |accessdate=2015-03-14 |quote=authorized by Jonathan Marcot}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=74336 |title=The Paleobiology Database collection: Thistle Creek (Pleistocene of Canada) |author= |accessdate=2015-03-14 |quote=authorized by John Alroy}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=20626 |title=The Paleobiology Database collection: Old Crow River Locality 44 (Pleistocene of Canada) |author= |accessdate=2015-03-14 |quote=authorized by John Alroy}}
25. ^Additional contributors to utilized records of Paleobiology Database (authorizers supplying these records) include John Alroy, Jonathan Marcot.

References

{{Wikispecies|Ochotona whartoni}}{{Portal|Paleontology|Mammals}}{{Reflist |refs=[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
}}

Additional references of the Paleobiology Database

{{Reflist |group=pdb |refs=[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q16441259}}

7 : Pikas|Holocene extinctions|Prehistoric lagomorphs|Extinct animals of the United States|Extinct animals of Canada|Prehistoric mammals of North America|Mammals described in 1971
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