| 词条 | Giovanni Paolo Lascaris |
| 释义 |
|honorific-prefix = |name = Giovanni Paolo Lascaris |native_name = |native_name_lang = |honorific-suffix = |image = Giovanni Paolo Lascaris di Ventimiglia e Castellar.jpg |imagesize = |smallimage = |alt = |caption = |order = |office = Grand Master of the Order of Saint John |term_start = 16 June 1636 |term_end = 14 August 1657 |monarch = King Philip III |predecessor = Antoine de Paule |successor = Martin de Redin |birth_date = 28 June 1560 |birth_place = |death_date = {{d-da|14 August 1657|28 June 1560}} |death_place = Malta |restingplace = St. John's Co-Cathedral |restingplacecoordinates = |birthname = |citizenship = |nationality = |party = |otherparty = |spouse = |partner = |relations = |children = |residence = |alma_mater = |occupation = |profession = Grandmaster of the Knights of St. John |cabinet = |committees = |portfolio = |religion = |signature = |signature_alt = |nickname = |allegiance = {{flagicon|SMOM}} Order of Saint John |branch = |serviceyears = |rank = |unit = |commands = |battles = |awards = |military_blank1 = |military_data1 = |military_blank2 = |military_data2 = |military_blank3 = |military_data3 = |military_blank4 = |military_data4 = |military_blank5 = |military_data5 = }} Giovanni Paolo Lascaris di Ventimiglia e Castellar (28 June 1560{{snd}}14 August 1657) was an Italian nobleman and Grand Master of the Knights of Malta. Early lifeLascaris was born on 28 June 1560, the second son of Giannetto Lascaris and his wife Franceschetta di Agostino Lascaris of the ancient family of the Counts of Ventimiglia, related to the Lascaris who were emperors of the Byzantine Nicaean Empire. In 1584, he entered the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. As a member of the order he lived for over thirty years in a priory and was responsible for a range of monastic functions. He was put in charge of the order's grain supplies and later, in 1615, the order's furnaces across the island. He comported himself well and was promoted to master of the "St Anthony" prison. In 1632 he was sent as ambassador to the Kingdom of Spain. On the death of Grand Master Antoine de Paule, there were three candidates for election as Grand Master; Lascaris, Signorino Gattinara (about whom little is known) and Martin de Redin. Inquisitor Fabio Chigi (later Pope Alexander VII) attended as representative of Pope Urban VIII. Failing to secure enough votes for his own election, de Redin encouraged his supporters to instead side with Lascaris. On 16 June 1636, Lascaris was elected Grand Master of the Order of Malta, a position he held until his death. As Grand MasterLascaris towers{{main|Lascaris towers}}The following year, Lascaris commissioned a series of towers as fortifications around the island of Malta,[1] now known as the Lascaris towers. The towers were designed and built by papal military architect, Vincenzo Maculani.[2] Lascaris Battery was named in his honor. Martin de Redin, who succeeded Lascaris as Grand Master of the Order, commissioned further towers and the combined collection of fortifications is often referred to as the De Redin towers. Lascaris' ban{{main|Maltese Carnival}}In 1639, Lascaris implemented a ban on women wearing masks or attending masked balls during carnivale. The ban was unpopular and locals blamed Lascaris' Jesuit confessor, Father Cassia. They took to the streets to poke fun at the Jesuits and Lascaris had one of the instigators arrested. A Jesuit college was ransacked as retaliation and those responsible demanded that Lascaris banish the Jesuit order from Malta, which he did for a short time while tensions abated. The incident is still remembered today as Lascaris' ban.[3] Wars of Castro{{main|Wars of Castro}}Also in 1639, Pope Urban VIII asked Lascaris to intervene in the First War of Castro by sending naval forces owned by the order to assist papal troops against the Dukes of Parma; specifically galleons and other warships. But the Dukes of Parma, as well as the Duchy of Venice, the Duchy of Florence and Duchy of Modena (who were allied with them), appealed to Lascaris not to provide the pope with support.[4] Lascaris played a dangerous double game; he sent warships to aid the pope while assuring the Dukes they were there only as a show of force and would not participate in the conflict. Sure enough, conflict was limited to on-land skirmishes and Lascaris' troops never fired a single shot. Caribbean colonies{{main|Hospitaller colonization of the Americas}}In 1651, the Knights, with Lascaris's approval, bought the island of Saint-Christophe, along with the dependent islands of Saint Croix, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Martin, from the failing Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique.[5] The Knights' ambassador to the French court, Jacques de Souvré, signed the agreement.[6] The Order's proprietary rights were confirmed in a treaty with France two years later: while the king would remain sovereign, the Knights would have complete temporal and spiritual jurisdiction on their islands. The only limits to their rule were that they could only send French knights to govern the islands, and upon the accession of each new King of France they were to provide a gold crown worth 1,000 écus.[7] In 1665, after Lascaris's death, the Knights sold their islands back to France, ending their brief colonial project. The Gozo monasteryIn October 1652 Pope Innocent X closed a number of monasteries including one on Gozo. However, it was opened again after just four months thanks to intervention from Lascaris who was close to the monks of the order. A portrait of Lascaris still hangs in the monastery today. See also
References1. ^Gneja Tower Christian Formosa, "A Military History of Malta", University of Malta, Faculty of Education – Retrieved on 26 July 2007 2. ^[https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesth0301rank History of the popes; their church and state (Volume III)] by Leopold von Ranke (2009, Wellesley College Library) 3. ^Cassar Pullicino, Joseph. "The Order of St. John in Maltese Folk-Memory". Melitensia. p. 173. 4. ^Biographical Dictionary of Italy: Lascaris, Giovanni Paolo (Volume 63, 2004) 5. ^{{cite book |last=Dubé |first=Jean-Claude |date=2005 |translator=Elizabeth Rapley |title=The Chevalier de Montmagny: First Governor of New France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKf5fiJHcIwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |location=Ottawa |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=0-7766-0559-3 |accessdate=11 April 2014 |pages=263–287 }} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Mifsud |first=A. |date=1914 |title=Knights Hospitallers of the Venerable Tongue of England in Malta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yK80AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=Valletta, Malta |isbn=0-404-17009-9 |accessdate=11 April 2014 |pages=246 }} 7. ^{{cite journal|last= Allen|first= David F.|date= 1990|title= The Social and Religious World of a Knight of Malta in the Caribbean, c. 1632-1660|url= http://mhs.eu.pn/cc/CC08.html|journal= Libraries and Culture|publisher= |volume= 25|issue= 2|pages= 147–157|others= Web page by Malta Historical Society.|accessdate= 11 April 2014|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125220/http://mhs.eu.pn/cc/CC08.html|archivedate= 13 April 2014|df= }} External links
before=Antoine de Paule | title=Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller | years=1635–1657 | after=Martin de Redin }}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lascaris, Giovanni Paolo}} 9 : 1560 births|1657 deaths|Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller|Knights of Malta|16th-century Italian nobility|17th-century Italian nobility|Italian knights|Burials at St. John's Co-Cathedral|House of Ventimiglia |
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