| 词条 | Girardia |
| 释义 |
| name = Girardia | image = Girardia sp.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Living specimen of Girardia sp. | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Platyhelminthes | classis = Rhabditophora | ordo = Tricladida | subordo = Continenticola | familia = Dugesiidae | genus = Girardia | genus_authority = Ball, 1974 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }} Girardia is a genus of freshwater planarians belonging to the family Dugesiidae. DistributionThe genus Girardia is endemic to the Americas, from Argentina to Canadá, although most species occur in South America. The only two species known to occur naturally in North America, Girardia tigrina and Girardia dorotocephala, have been introduced in other continents and islands.[1] DescriptionSpecies of Girardia are very similar to species of other genera of Dugesiidae and few apomorphies that clearly define the genus are known.[1] One of the few exclusive characteristics is the presence of pigment granules in the outer pharyngeal wall.[2] Until 1991 Girardia was considered a subgenus of Dugesia, then it was upgraded to the genus rank.[2] However, some works continued to use the old genus for some Girardia species, mainly for Girardia dorotocephala and Girardia tigrina.[3][4][5][6] Species{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
PhylogenyPhylogenetic tree including five dugesiid genera after Álvarez-Presas et al., 2008:[10] {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%|label1=Dugesiidae |1={{Clade |1=Girardia |2={{Clade |1=Neppia |2={{Clade |1=Cura |2={{Clade |1=Schmidtea |2=Dugesia }} }} }} }} }} References1. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Sluys | first1 = Ronald | last2 = Kawakatsu | first2 = Masaharu | last3 = Ponce de León | first3 = Rodrigo | title = Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: Contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola) | journal = Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | year = 2005 | pages = 155–180 | issn = 0165-0521 | doi = 10.1080/01650520500070220}} {{Dugesiidae}}{{wikispecies}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q5564174}}2. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = De Vries | first1 = E. J. | last2 = Sluys | first2 = R. | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04752.x | title = Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola) | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 223 | issue = 1| pages = 103–116| year = 1991 | pmid = | pmc = }} 3. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Sheiman | first1 = I. M. | last2 = Kreshchenko | first2 = N. D. | last3 = Sedel'Nikov | first3 = Z. V. | last4 = Groznyi | first4 = A. V. | title = Morphogenesis in Planarians Dugesia tigrina | doi = 10.1023/B:RUDO.0000036713.86633.c2 | journal = Russian Journal of Developmental Biology | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 228 | year = 2004 | pmid = | pmc = }} 4. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Lombardo | first1 = P. | last2 = Giustini | first2 = M. | last3 = Miccoli | first3 = F. P. | last4 = Cicolani | first4 = B. | title = Fine-scale differences in diel activity among nocturnal freshwater planarias (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) | doi = 10.1186/1740-3391-9-2 | journal = Journal of Circadian Rhythms | volume = 9 | pages = 2 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21477354| pmc =3094315 }} 5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Hassall | first1 = C. | last2 = Hollinshead | first2 = J. | last3 = Hull | first3 = A. | doi = 10.1007/s10531-011-0223-9 | title = Temporal dynamics of aquatic communities and implications for pond conservation | journal = Biodiversity and Conservation | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 829 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }} 6. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Prados | first1 = J. | last2 = Alvarez | first2 = B. | last3 = Howarth | first3 = J. | last4 = Stewart | first4 = K. | last5 = Gibson | first5 = C. L. | last6 = Hutchinson | first6 = C. V. | last7 = Young | first7 = A. M. J. | last8 = Davidson | first8 = C. | title = Cue competition effects in the planarian | doi = 10.1007/s10071-012-0561-3 | journal = Animal Cognition | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–186 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22976576| pmc = }} 7. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Hellmann | first1 = Lindsey | last2 = Leal-Zanchet | first2 = Ana Maria | last3 = Ferreira | first3 = Rodrigo Lopes | title = Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4438 | issue = 3 | year = 2018 | pages = 561–574 | issn = 1175-5334 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.8}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Souza | first1 = Stella | last2 = Morais | first2 = Ana Laura | last3 = Bichuette | first3 = Maria Elina | last4 = Leal-Zanchet | first4 = Ana | title = Two new species of freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola) from South American caves | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4092 | issue = 1 | year = 2016 | pages = 107–121 | issn = 1175-5334 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.6}} 9. ^{{cite journal | last4 = Leal-Zanchet | first4 = Ana Maria | last1 = Souza | first1 = Stella Teles | last2 = Nunes Morais | first2 = Ana Laura | last3 = Cordeiro | first3 = Lívia Medeiros | title = The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America | journal = ZooKeys | volume = 470 | year = 2015 | pages = 1–16 | issn = 1313-2970 | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.470.8728}} 10. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Álvarez-Presas | first1 = M. | last2 = Baguñà | first2 = J. | last3 = Riutort | first3 = M. | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032 | title = Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 555–568 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18359250| pmc = }} 3 : Dugesiidae|Rhabditophora genera|Animals described in 1974 |
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