| 词条 | Global citizenship education |
| 释义 |
Definition and originsGlobal citizenship consists of voluntary practices oriented to human rights, social justice, and environmentalism at the local, regional, and global level. Unlike national citizenship, global citizenship does not denote any legal status or allegiance to an actual form of government. The emergence of regional economic blocs, supra-national political institutions such as the European Union, and the advancement of ICTs, has caused governments to try to prepare national populations to be competitive in the global jobs market. This has led to the introduction of global citizenship education programs at primary, secondary, and tertiary level, but also at independent NGOs, grass roots organizations, and other large scale educational organizations, such as the International Baccalaureate Organization and UNESCO. The most important features of global citizenship education are voluntary action that can extend from local to international collectives; the practice of cultural empathy; and a focus on active participation in social and political life at the local and global level. In the late 1990s, OXFAM UK designed a curriculum for global citizenship education which stressed "the 'active' role of global citizens".In this approach, individuals and groups both inside and outside the educational sector might take action that addresses human rights, trade, poverty, health, and environmental issues, for example. This is sometimes called the 'global consciousness' aspect of GCE. However, organizations such as UNESCO have also begun to emphasize 'global competencies', including science and technology into their GCE curricula, to "strengthen linkages between education and economic development". Emergence and developmentIn the present era of globalization, the recognition of global interdependence on the part of the general public has led to a higher degree of interest in global citizenship in education. Though modern schooling may have been oriented to education suitable for the nation-state throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, in the 21st century, citizenship is understood in global terms, so that schooling might improve individual nations' global competitiveness. Many universities worldwide have responded to the need for a globally oriented education by sending their students to study abroad in increasing numbers, and some have announced that this will soon become a mandatory degree requirement. Many governments also now promote GCE for the cohesion of society. The large numbers of people migrating across national borders means that the diversity of ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups, "has raised [...] complex and difficult questions about citizenship, human rights, democracy, and education". In addition, global issues related to sustainability, such as the world's future energy arrangements, have also been incorporated into the domain of global citizenship education. CompetencesWhile GCE can take different forms, it has some common elements, which include fostering in learners the following competences:[1][2]
PedagogyMost educators agree that "global citizenship is a learned and nurtured behavior",[3] and the most widely used classroom strategy for developing global skills is project-based learning. This pedagogical technique can be utilized in the case of almost any school subject, "[and] is the primary pedagogical strategy in the discourse of global competencies. Educators see it as an important method for developing the tools- technical and emotional- for success in the global society".[4] With the aim of nurturing students' potential to be both learners and citizens, the project-based approach has been used successfully in community-based learning, for example.[5] Another important pedagogical feature of GCE is learning through communicative practices outside the classroom that "harness […] the educational force of the wider culture".[6] If students are encouraged "to see themselves as political agents",[6] educators assume they are more likely to acquire the knowledge, skills and abilities that enable them to become agents of change.[7] Another important element of the student-centered participatory nature of GCED, is that students, through their engagement with others via Social Network Services, create their own forms of global citizenship through dialogue, learning, and action.[8] This is an important element, for example, in the activities of grassroots organizations like 'GIN' (Global Issues Network), and Global Citizenship Foundation[9] which involves students and teachers in projects that address global issues such as human rights, trade rules, and deforestation.[10] Such student-driven, student-led projects combine both the 'global consciousness' and 'global competence' aspects of GCED.
Organizations implementing GCE programs, such as UNESCO, now emphasize the importance of expanding both students' 'global consciousness' and 'global competence'.[10] 'Global consciousness' represents the ethical or moral dimension of global citizenship, whereas 'global competence' "features a blend of the technical-rational and the dispositional or attitudinal".[11] However, some view global consciousness and global competence as being closely related.[12] The OECD, for instance, focuses on global competencies called 'psychosocial resources', of which there are three main types: "using tools interactively (technology and language skills), interacting in heterogeneous groups (cooperation, empathy), and acting autonomously (realizing one's identity, conducting life plans, defending and asserting rights".[13] Key learner attributesGCE identifies three learner attributes, which refer to the traits and qualities that global citizenship education aims to develop in learners and correspond to the key learning outcomes mentioned earlier. These are: informed and critically literate; socially connected and respectful of diversity; ethically responsible and engaged. The three learner attributes draw on a review of the literature and of citizenship education conceptual frameworks, a review of approaches and curricula, as well as technical consultations and recent work by UNESCO on global citizenship education.[14] Informed and critically literateLearners develop their understanding of the world, global themes, governance structures and systems, including politics, history and economics; understand the rights and responsibilities of individuals and groups (for example, women’s and children’s rights, indigenous rights, corporate social responsibility); and, recognise the interconnectedness of local, national and global issues, structures and processes. Learners develop the skills of critical inquiry (for example, where to find information and how to analyse and use evidence), media literacy and an understanding of how information is mediated and communicated. They develop their ability to inquire into global themes and issues (for example, globalisation, interdependence, migration, peace and conflict, sustainable development) by planning investigations, analysing data and communicating their findings. A key issue is the way in which language is used and, more specifically, how critical literacy is affected by the dominance of the English language and how this influences non-English speakers’ access to information.[14] Socially connected and respectful of diversityLearners learn about their identities and how they are situated within multiple relationships (for example, family, friends, school, local community, country), as a basis for understanding the global dimension of citizenship. They develop an understanding of difference and diversity (for example, culture, language, gender, sexuality, religion), of how beliefs and values influence people’s views about those who are different, and of the reasons for, and impact of, inequality and discrimination. Learners also consider common factors that transcend difference, and develop the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes required for respecting difference and living with others.[14] Ethically responsible and engagedLearners explore their own beliefs and values and those of others. They understand how beliefs and values inform social and political decision-making at local, national, regional and global levels, and the challenges for governance of contrasting and conflicting beliefs and values. Learners also develop their understanding of social justice issues in local, national, regional and global contexts and how these are interconnected. Ethical issues (for example, relating to climate change, consumerism, economic globalisation, fair trade, migration, poverty and wealth, sustainable development, terrorism, war) are also addressed. Learners are expected to reflect on ethical conflicts related to social and political responsibilities and the wider impact of their choices and decisions. Learners also develop the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes to care for others and the environment and to engage in civic action. These include compassion, empathy, collaboration, dialogue, social entrepreneurship and active participation. They learn about opportunities for engagement as citizens at local, national and global levels, and examples of individual and collective action taken by others to address global issues and social injustice.[14] ExamplesCouncil for Global Citizenship Education, India (and global)[https://www.globalcitizenshipfoundation.org/council-for-gced Council for Global Citizenship Education] — part of the [https://www.globalcitizenshipfoundation.org/ Global Citizenship Foundation], a non-profit organization based in India — is an initiative for schools to adopt a participatory whole-school approach to global citizenship education. The initiative fosters continuous professional development (CPD) of educators; teacher led contextualization, design, and development of GCED curriculum; engagement of children through the '[https://www.globalcitizenshipfoundation.org/hundred-acts 100 Acts of Global Citizenship]' School Challenge; and community through a Global Citizenship Festival at '100 Acts of Global Citizenship' participating schools. The Council for Global Citizenship Education initiative has also been implemented in 10 States of India. High Resolves, AustraliaHigh Resolves is a secondary school educational initiative (implemented by the FYA, the only national, independent non-profit organisation for young people in Australia) consisting of a Global Citizenship Programme for Year 8 students and a Global Leadership Programme for Year 9 and 10 students. It aims to enable students to consider their personal role in developing their society as a global community through workshops, simulations, leadership skills training and hands-on action projects.[14]Developing the global dimension in the school curriculum, EnglandIn England, the Department for Education and Skills produced Developing the global dimension in the school curriculum, a publication for head teachers, teachers, senior managers and those with responsibility for curriculum development. It aims to show how the global dimension can be integrated in the curriculum and across the school. It provides examples of how to integrate the global dimension from age 3 to age 16, outlining eight key concepts – global citizenship, conflict resolution, diversity, human rights, interdependence, sustainable development, values and perceptions, and social justice. For example, it gives guidance for the promotion of personal, social and emotional development of the youngest learners through discussion of photographs of children from around the world, activities, stories, and discussion of different places children have visited.[14] Activate, South AfricaActivate is a network of young leaders in South Africa which aims to bring about change though creative solutions to problems in society. Youth from all backgrounds and provinces in the country participate in a two-year programme. In the first year, there are three residential training programmes, working on a particular task. In the second year, participants form action groups on specific tasks, taking their work into the public domain. In one example, an Activator describes how he works in his local community to discourage young people away from joining gangs and engaging in substance abuse. He draws on his own negative experiences with gangs and drugs, having served seven years in jail. On being interviewed, he states: “My vision for South Africa is to see young people standing up and becoming role models... Be yourself, be real and pursue your dreams”.[15][14]Peace First, United States and ColombiaPeace First, a non-profit organisation based in the United States, has a programme in which youth volunteers work with children to design and implement community projects in a participatory way. The rationale is that children are natural creative thinkers and problem solvers. The programme focuses on developing social and emotional skills of self- awareness, empathy, inclusivity and relationships. It has also been implemented in rural areas of Colombia through a partnership between local governments and Colombian NGOs. Peace First has additionally developed a curriculum that can be used in schools. It addresses themes such as friendship, fairness, cooperation, con ict resolution and consequences of actions through experiential activities and cooperative games. For example, 1st graders learn about communicating their feelings, 3rd graders develop skills and awareness around communication and cooperation, 4th graders practice courage and taking a stand and 5th graders explore how to resolve and de-escalate conflicts.[14] Tokyo Global Engineering Corporation, Japan (and global)Tokyo Global Engineering Corporation is an education-services organization that provides capstone education programs free of charge to engineering students and other stakeholders. These programs are intended to complement—but not to replace—coursework required by academic degree programs of study. The programs are educational opportunities, and students are not paid money for their participation. All correspondence among members is completed via e-mail, and all meetings are held via Skype, with English as the language of instruction and publication. Students and other stakeholders are never asked to travel or leave their geographic locations, and are encouraged to publish organizational documents in their personal, primary languages, when English is a secondary language. Connection to Education for Sustainable Development (ESD){{Main|Education for sustainable development}}GCE and ESD pursue the same vision: It is all about empowering learners of all ages to become proactive contributors to a more just, peaceful, tolerant, inclusive and sustainable world. Both GCED and ESD:
Both GCE and ESD help learners understand the interconnected world in which they live and the complexities of the global challenges faced.[17] GCE and ESD help learners to develop their knowledge, skills, attitudes and values so that they can address these challenges responsibly and effectively now and in the future.[18][19] ObjectionsSome fundamentalist critics believe GCE might undermine religious education and promote secular values.[20] Others are concerned that the pedagogical approach of most global citizenship education curricula are too often produced in particular Northern, Western contexts.[21] Some critics claim that GCE curricula promote values that are too individualistic.[10] Dill,[22] for example, claims that "the majority of the world experiences social and communal life not in terms of isolated individuals, but as collective identities and traditions. For many of these groups, the dominant forms of global citizenship education and its moral order will be experienced as coercive and unjust',[23] so 'global' citizenship curriculum should be seen as a local practice, "which diverse cultures will conceptualize and construct differently".[24] See also
Sources{{Free-content attribution| title = Level-setting and recognition of learning outcomes: The use of level descriptors in the twenty-first century | author = Keevey, James; Chakroun, Borhene | publisher = UNESCO | page numbers = 30-31 | source = UNESCO | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002428/242887e.pdf | license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=242887&set=0058D22B8C_1_128&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1 | license = CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 }}{{Free-content attribution | title = Schools in action, global citizens for sustainable development: a guide for students | author = UNESCO | publisher = UNESCO | page numbers =10, 12 | source = UNESCO | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002463/246352e.pdf | license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=246352&set=0058D8F9D7_1_154&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1 | license = CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 }}{{Free-content attribution | title = Schools in action, global citizens for sustainable development: a guide for teachers | author = UNESCO | publisher = UNESCO | page numbers = 12 | source = UNESCO | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002468/246888e.pdf | license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=246888&set=0058D906C5_0_100&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1 | license = CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 }}{{Free-content attribution | title = Global Citizenship Education: topics and learning objectives | author = UNESCO | publisher = UNESCO | page numbers =20-21, 44-46 | source = UNESCO | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002329/232993e.pdf | license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=232993&set=0058DD3E4D_2_402&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1 | license = CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 }} References1. ^UNESCO. 2014. Global Citizenship Education. Preparing Learners for the Challenges of the 21st Century. Paris, UNESCO. 2. ^1 {{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002428/242887e.pdf|title=Level-setting and recognition of learning outcomes: The use of level descriptors in the twenty-first century|last=Keevy|first=James|last2=Chakroun|first2=Borhene|publisher=Paris, UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100138-3|location=|pages=30–31}} 3. ^Tarrant, 2010:442 4. ^Dill, 2013:14 5. ^Melaville & Berg et al, 2006 6. ^1 Catalano, 2013:3 7. ^Catalano, 2013 8. ^Bourn, 2009 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalcitizenshipfoundation.org|title=Global Citizenship Foundation|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Global Citizenship Foundation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 10. ^1 2 Dill, 2013 11. ^Dill, 2013:11 12. ^Grudinski Hall, 2007 13. ^Dill, 2013: 12–13 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002329/232993e.pdf|title=Global Citizenship Education: topics and learning objectives|last=UNESCO|first=|publisher=Paris, UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100102-4|location=|pages=20–21, 44–46}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.activateleadership.co.za/blog/5-mins-with-fernando#sthash.dRCXMqPx.dpuf|title=Activate Change Drivers|last=|first=|date=|website=Activate|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 16. ^{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002463/246352e.pdf|title=Schools in action, global citizens for sustainable development: a guide for students|last=UNESCO|first=|publisher=Paris, UNESCO|year=2017|isbn=978-92-3-100179-6|location=|pages=10, 12}} 17. ^UNESCO. 2010. Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable Future: A multimedia teacher education programme. UNESCO, Paris. http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_d/mod22.html 18. ^{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002468/246888e.pdf|title=Schools in action, global citizens for sustainable development: a guide for teachers|last=UNESCO|first=|publisher=Paris, UNESCO|year=2016|isbn=978-92-3-100180-2|location=|pages=12}} 19. ^UNESCO. Global Citizenship Education: Unesco’s approach. http://www.unesco.org/new/ leadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/pdf/questions- answers-21jan-EN.pdf 20. ^Schattle, 2008 21. ^Andreotti and de Souza, 2012:18 22. ^2013 23. ^Dill, 2013:33 24. ^Myers, 2006:13 Bibliography
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