1. Classification

2. History

3. See also

4. Notes

5. References

6. Sources

7. External links

Rhaetian {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|ʃ|ə|n}} or Rhaetic (Raetic) {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|t|ᵻ|k}} was a language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the Eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times. It is documented by a limited number of short inscriptions (found through Northern Italy, Southern Germany, Eastern Switzerland, Slovenia and Western Austria)^[1] in two variants of the Etruscan alphabet.

The ancient Rhaetic language is not the same as one of the modern Romance languages of the same Alpine region, known as Rhaeto-Romance, but both are sometimes referred to as "Rhaetian".

Classification

The German linguist Helmut Rix proposed that Rhaetic, along with Etruscan, was a member of a proposed Tyrrhenian language family possibly influenced by neighboring Indo-European languages{{Sfn | Rix | 1998}}{{Sfn | Schumacher | 1998}} Robert Beekes also does not consider it Indo-European.^[2] Scullard, on the contrary, suggests it to be an Indo-European language, with links to Illyrian and Celtic.{{Sfn | Scullard | 1967 | 43}} Nevertheless, most scholars now think that it is probably a Tyrrhenian language, and thus most closely related to languages such as Etruscan.

Rix's Tyrsenian family has been confirmed by Stefan Schumacher,^{[3][4] [5][6]} Carlo De Simone ^[7] and Simona Marchesini.^[8] Common features between Etruscan, Rhaetian, and Lemnian have been found in morphology, phonology, and syntax. On the other hand, lexical correspondences are rarely documented, due to the scanty number of Rhaetian and Lemnian texts, and, above all, due to the very ancient date at which these languages split, because the split must have taken place before the Bronze Age, much earlier than was suggested by Rix.^[9][10] The Tyrsenian family, or Common Tyrrhenic, in this case is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe.^[11]

History

It is clear that in the centuries leading up to Roman imperial times, the Rhaetians had at least come under Etruscan influence, as the Rhaetic inscriptions are written in what appears to be a northern variant of the Etruscan alphabet. The ancient Roman sources mention the Rhaetic people as being reputedly of Etruscan origin, so there may at least have been some ethnic Etruscans who had settled in the region by that time.

In his Natural History (1st century AD), Pliny wrote about Alpine peoples:

Pliny's comment on a leader named Rhaetus is typical of mythologized origins of ancient peoples, and not necessarily reliable. The name of the Venetic goddess Reitia has commonly been discerned in the Rhaetic finds, but the two names do not seem to be linked. The spelling as Raet- is found in inscriptions, while Rhaet- was used in Roman manuscripts; whether this Rh represents an accurate transcription of an aspirated R in Rhaetic or is an error is uncertain.

Many inscriptions are known, but most of them are only short and fairly repetitive, probably mostly votive texts. Rhaetic became extinct by the 3rd century AD, with its speakers eventually adopting Vulgar Latin in the south and Germanic in the north, and possibly Celtic prior to that.^[13]

An altered variety of Raetian is "spoken" in the 2017 film Iceman by Felix Randau.^[14]

See also

• Rhaeti
• Rhaetic alphabet
• Etruscan language
• Etruscan civilization
• Tyrsenian languages
• Camunic language

Notes

References

Sources

• {{Citation | last = Scullard | first = HH | title = The Etruscan Cities and Rome | place = Ithaca, NY | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 1967}}.
• {{Citation | last = Morandi | first = Alessandro | year = 1999 | title = Il cippo di Castelciès nell’epigrafia retica | journal = Studia archaeologica | volume = 103 | place = Rome | publisher = Bretschneider}}.
• {{Citation | last = Rix | first = Helmut | year = 1998 | title = Rätisch und Etruskisch | language = de |trans-title=Rhaetian & Etruscan | publisher = Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck | series = Vorträge und kleinere Schriften | number = 68 | place = Innsbruck}}.
• {{Citation | first = Stefan | last = Schumacher | year = 1998 | language = de | title = Sprachliche Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Rätisch und Etruskisch | journal = Der Schlern | volume = 72 | pages = 90–114}}.
• {{Citation | first = Stefan | last = Schumacher | origyear = 1992 | title = Die rätischen Inschriften. Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung | publisher = Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck | series = Sonderheft | number = 79 | place = Innsbruck | edition = 2nd | year = 2004}}.
• Prosdocimi, Aldo L. (2003-4). "Sulla formazione dell'alfabeto runico. Promessa di novità documentali forse decisive". Archivio per l'Alto Adige 97–98.427–440

• {{cite book |last1=de, Simone |first1=Carlo |author-link1= |last2=Marchesini |first2= Simona|author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |display-authors= |author-mask= |last-author-amp= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-mask1= |date= |year=2013 |orig-year= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |chapter-url= |chapter-format= |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |editor2-link= |editor3-last= |editor3-first= |editor3-link= |editor4-last= |editor4-first= |editor4-link= |editor5-last= |editor5-first= |editor5-link= |display-editors= |title=La lamina di Demlfeld |script-title= |trans-title= |url= |dead-url= |format= |type= |series= |language= |volume= |issue= |others= |edition= |location=Rome-Pisa |publisher=Fabrizio Serra Editore |publication-date= |page= |pages= |at= |nopp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |registration= |subscription= |lay-summary= |lay-source= |lay-date= |quote= |name-list-format= |mode= |postscript= |ref= }}

• {{cite book |last1=Roncador |first1=Rosa |author-link1= |last2=Marchesini |first2= Simona|author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |display-authors= |author-mask= |last-author-amp= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-mask1= |date= |year=2015 |orig-year= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |chapter-url= |chapter-format= |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |editor2-link= |editor3-last= |editor3-first= |editor3-link= |editor4-last= |editor4-first= |editor4-link= |editor5-last= |editor5-first= |editor5-link= |display-editors= |title=Monumenta Linguae Raeticae|script-title= |trans-title= |url= |dead-url= |format= |type= |series= |language= |volume= |issue= |others= |edition= |location=Rome|publisher=Scienze e Lettere|publication-date= |page= |pages= |at= |nopp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |registration= |subscription= |lay-summary= |lay-source= |lay-date= |quote= |name-list-format= |mode= |postscript= |ref= }}

External links

• {{cite web|url=https://www.univie.ac.at/raetica/wiki/Main_Page|url-access=|title=Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum|last= Schumacher |first=Stefan|author-link=|last2=Kluge|first2= Sindy |author-link2=|date=|year=2013-2017|orig-year=|editor-last=Salomon|editor-first= Corinna|editor-link=|editor2-last=|editor2-first=|editor2-link=|department= Department of Linguistics|website=|series=|publisher= of the University of Vienna|agency=|location=|page=|pages=|at=|language=English|script-title=|trans-title=|type=|format=|arxiv=|asin=|bibcode=|doi=|isbn=|issn=|jfm=|jstor=|lccn=|mr=|oclc=|ol=|osti=|pmc=|pmid=|rfc=|ssrn=|zbl=|id=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|via=|quote=|ref=|postscript=|subscription=|registration= }}

• {{Citation | url = http://members.tripod.com/adolfozavaroni/retiche.htm | title = Rhaetic inscriptions | first = Adolfo | last = Zavaroni | publisher = Tripod}}.

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