| 词条 | Glossary of virology |
| 释义 |
This glossary of virology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in the study of virology, particularly in the description of viruses and their actions. {{compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|nobreak=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|f=|j=|w=|x=|y=}}A{{glossary}}{{term|animal virus}}{{defn|Any virus capable of infecting one or more animal species.}}{{term|antigenic drift}}{{defn|}}{{term|antigenic shift}}{{defn|}}{{term|antiviral drug}}{{ghat|Often simply called an antiviral.}}{{defn|A class of antimicrobial medication used specifically for treating diseases caused by {{gli|viral disease|viral infections}} rather than ones caused by bacteria or other infectious agents. Unlike most antibiotics, antivirals typically do not destroy their target viruses but instead inhibit their development. They are distinct from {{gli|virucide|virucides}}.}}{{term|assembly}}{{defn|The construction of the virus within the {{gli|host}} cell, using the host's metabolism.}}{{term|attachment}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}B{{glossary}}{{term|bacteriophage}}{{ghat|Also simply called a phage.}}{{defn|Any {{gli|virus}} that infects and replicates within bacteria or archaea.}}{{term|Baltimore classification}}{{defn|}}{{term|base pair (bp)}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}C{{glossary}}{{term|cap}}{{defn|}}{{term|cap snatching}}{{defn|}}{{term|capsid}}{{defn|The outer shell of protein that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus.}}{{term|capsomere}}{{defn|A subunit of the viral {{gli|capsid}} which self-assembles with other capsomeres to form the capsid.}}{{term|co-option}}{{defn|}}{{term|coinfection}}{{defn|}}{{term|complex}}{{defn|}}{{term|cytopathic effect}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}{{compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|nobreak=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|f=|j=|w=|x=|y=}}D{{glossary}}{{term|dalton (Da)}}{{defn|A unit of length frequently used to describe the size of a virus or viral particle.}}{{term|DNA virus}}{{defn|A type of {{gli|virus}} that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. In the {{gli|Baltimore classification}} system, DNA viruses belong to either Group I ({{gli|dsDNA virus|double-stranded DNA viruses}}) or Group II ({{gli|ssDNA virus|single-stranded DNA viruses}}); {{gli|dsDNA-RT virus|Group VII viruses}} also have a DNA genome, but are classified separately because they replicate through an RNA intermediate.}}{{term|dsDNA virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|dsDNA-RT virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|dsRNA virus}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}E{{glossary}}{{term|ecovirology}}{{defn|}}{{term|emergent virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|endogenous viral element (EVE)}}{{defn|}}{{term|entry}}{{defn|}}{{term|enveloped}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}G{{glossary}}{{term|giant virus}}{{defn|A very large virus, especially one of the so-called nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs), which have extremely large genomes compared to the average virus and contain many unique genes not found in other organisms. Some of these viruses are larger than a typical bacterium.}}{{term|Global Virus Network (GVN)}}{{defn|}}{{term|group-specific antigen}}{{ghat|Also called a gag.}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}H{{glossary}}{{term|helical}}{{defn|}}{{term|helper dependent virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|helper virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|host}}{{defn|}}{{term|host tropism}}{{defn|The specificity with which certain pathogens, including most viruses, infect particular {{gli|host|hosts}} and host tissues. Host tropism results in most pathogens being capable of infecting only a limited range of host organisms.}}{{term|Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}{{compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|nobreak=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|f=|j=|w=|x=|y=}}I{{glossary}}{{term|icosahedral}}{{defn|Having the symmetry of an icosahedron.}}{{term|inclusion body}}{{defn|}}{{term|integrase (IN)}}{{defn|}}{{term|intrinsic immunity}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}K{{glossary}}{{term|kilobase (kb)}}{{defn|One kilobase is equal to 1000 {{gli|base pair|base pairs}}.}}{{glossaryend}}L{{glossary}}{{term|latency}}{{defn|no=1|The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant or latent within a cell for a period of time before reactivating and producing new, independent {{gli|virion|virions}}.}}{{defn|no=2|The phase in the life cycle of certain viruses in which, after initial infection, proliferation of virus particles ceases while the viral genome remains silently assimilated into the host cell's genome, sometimes indefinitely. The latent period ends when the virus reactivates and begins producing large amounts of viral progeny without the host cell being infected by additional external virions. Latency is a defining element of the {{gli|lysogenic cycle|lysogenic}} form of viral replication.}}{{term|live virus reference strain (LVRS)}}{{defn|}}{{term|lysogenic cycle}}{{defn|}}{{term|lytic cycle}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}M{{glossary}}{{term|maturation}}{{defn|}}{{term|molecular virology}}{{defn|}}{{term|multiplicity of infection (MOI)}}{{defn|}}{{term|mycovirus}}{{ghat|Also sometimes called a mycophage.}}{{defn|Any virus capable of infecting one or more species of fungi.}}{{glossaryend}}{{compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|nobreak=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|f=|j=|w=|x=|y=}}N{{glossary}}{{term|nanometer (nm)}}{{defn|A unit of length frequently used to describe the size of a virus or viral particle. One nanometer is equal to 10−9 meter.}}{{term|negative-sense ssRNA virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|neurotropic virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|neurovirology}}{{defn|}}{{term|novel virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|nucleocapsid}}{{defn|}}{{term|nucleotide}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}O{{glossary}}{{term|oncovirus}}{{defn|}}{{term|original antigenic sin}}{{defn|}}{{term|orphan virus}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}P{{glossary}}{{term|paleovirology}}{{defn|}}{{term|parasite}}{{defn|}}{{term|passenger virus}}{{defn|A virus that is frequently found in samples from diseased tissue, such as tumors, but does not contribute to causing the disease.}}{{term|penetration}}{{defn|}}{{term|phenotype mixing}}{{defn|}}{{term|plant virus}}{{defn|Any virus capable of infecting one or more plant species.}}{{term|positive-sense ssRNA virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|prolate}}{{defn|}}{{term|prophage}}{{defn|}}{{term|provirus}}{{defn|}}{{term|pseudotyping}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}{{compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|nobreak=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|f=|j=|w=|x=|y=}}Q{{glossary}}{{term|Q-number}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}R{{glossary}}{{term|reassortment}}{{defn|}}{{term|recombinant virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|release}}{{defn|}}{{term|rep}}{{defn|An abbreviation for replication protein.}}{{term|replication}}{{defn|Any of the various processes by which a virus reproduces.}}{{term|retrovirus}}{{defn|}}{{term|reverse transcriptase}}{{defn|}}{{term|RNA interference}}{{defn|}}{{term|RNA virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|rolling circle replication}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}S{{glossary}}{{term|satellite}}{{defn|}}{{term|sense}}{{defn|}}{{term|serial passage}}{{defn|}}{{term|slow virus}}{{defn|Any virus or {{gli|virus-like particle|virus-like agent}} that is etiologically associated with a so-called slow virus disease: a disease which, after an extended period of {{gli|latency}}, follows a slow, progressive course ranging from months to years before in most cases inevitably progressing to death.}}{{term|ssDNA virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|ssRNA-RT virus}}{{defn|}}{{term|strain}}{{defn|}}{{term|subviral agent}}{{defn|}}{{term|superinfection}}{{defn|}}{{term|synthetic virology}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}T{{glossary}}{{term|T-number}}{{defn|}}{{term|temperate}}{{defn|}}{{term|tissue tropism}}{{defn|}}{{term|transduction}}{{defn|}}{{term|triangulation number}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}{{compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|nobreak=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|f=|j=|w=|x=|y=}}U{{glossary}}{{term|uncoating}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}V{{glossary}}{{term|viral culture}}{{defn|}}{{term|viral disease}}{{defn|Any disease that occurs when an organism's body is invaded by infectious {{gli|virion|viral particles}} of one or more pathogenic {{gli|virus|viruses}} which attach to, enter, and {{gli|parasite|parasitize}} susceptible cells.}}{{term|viral dynamics}}{{defn|}}{{term|viral envelope}}{{defn|A lipid casing present in some viruses which surrounds the {{gli|capsid}} and helps to penetrate the {{gli|host}}'s cell wall.}}{{term|viral load}}{{defn|}}{{term|viral matrix}}{{defn|}}{{term|viral particle}}{{defn|See {{gli|virion}}.}}{{term|viral plaque}}{{defn|}}{{term|viral protein}}{{defn|}}{{term|viral shedding}}{{defn|}}{{term|viral transformation}}{{defn|}}{{term|viral vector}}{{defn|}}{{term|viremia}}{{defn|}}{{term|virion}}{{ghat|Also called a viral particle.}}{{defn|A singular, stable particle that is the independent form in which a {{gli|virus}} exists while not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell. Virions are the products of a completed viral replication cycle; upon release from the infected cell, they are fully capable of infecting other cells of the same type.}}{{term|viroid}}{{defn|}}{{term|viroinformatics}}{{defn|}}{{term|virokine}}{{defn|}}{{term|virology}}{{defn|The study of {{gli|virus|viruses}} and virus-like agents, which seeks to understand and explain their structure, classification, evolution, and mechanisms of infection, as well as the {{gli|viral disease|diseases}} they cause, techniques to isolate and {{gli|viral culture|culture}} them, and their use in research and {{gli|virotherapy|therapy}}. Virology is often considered a subfield of microbiology or of medical science.}}{{term|virome}}{{defn|}}{{term|viropexis}}{{defn|}}{{term|virophage}}{{defn|}}{{term|viroplasm}}{{defn|}}{{term|virotherapy}}{{defn|}}{{term|virucide}}{{defn|}}{{term|virulence}}{{defn|}}{{term|virus}}{{defn|A submicroscopic infectious agent that {{gli|replication|replicates}} only inside the living cells of other organisms. As obligate intracellular {{gli|parasite|parasites}}, viruses must infect cellular {{gli|host|hosts}} in order to complete their life cycles, which they achieve by {{gli|co-opting}} or "hijacking" the host cell's molecular machinery for their own reproduction. While not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent {{gli|virion|virions}}. Most virions are exceedingly simple in structure and physically minute, averaging just {{frac|1/100}} the size of the typical bacterium. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea.}}{{term|virus attachment protein}}{{defn|Any protein which helps to facilitate the {{gli|attachment|binding}} of a virus to a receptor on a host cell.}}{{term|virus counter}}{{defn|}}{{term|virus-like particle}}{{defn|}}{{term|virusoid}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}Z{{glossary}}{{term|zygotic induction}}{{defn|}}{{glossaryend}}{{compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|nobreak=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|f=|j=|w=|x=|y=}}See also
2 : Glossaries of biology|Virology |
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