“Google App Runtime for Chrome”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Android Runtime for Chrome (ARC) is a discontinued compatibility layer and sandboxing technology for running Android applications on desktop and laptop computers in an isolated environment. It allowed applications to be safely run from a web browser, independent of user operating system, at near-native speeds. It has since been discontinued after Google developed another method to run Android apps on Chrome OS devices.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Overview

The Android Runtime for Chrome is a partially open-sourced project under development by Google.^[1] It was announced by Sundar Pichai at the Google I/O 2014 developer conference.^[2] In a limited beta consumer release in September 2014,^[3] Duolingo, Evernote, Sight Words, and Vine Android applications were made available in the Chrome Web Store for installation on Chromebook devices running OS version 37 or higher.^[4]

Development

In a limited beta consumer release in September 2014,^[5] Duolingo, Evernote, Sight Words, and Vine Android applications were made available in the Chrome Web Store for installation on Chromebook devices running OS version 37 or higher.^[6]

In October 2014, three more apps were added: CloudMagic, Onefootball, and Podcast Addict.^[7]

In March 2015, Anandtech reported that VLC media player should be added in the coming months.^[8]

On April 1, 2015, Google released ARC Welder, a Chrome Packaged App providing the ARC runtime and application packager.^[9] It is intended to give Android developers a preview of the upcoming technology and a chance to test their Android apps on the Chrome platform.

Architecture

ARC builds upon the Google Native Client.^[10] The Native Client platform is being extended with a POSIX-compatible layer on top of the NaCl Integrated Runtime and Pepper APIs^[11] which emulate the Linux environment in the foundation of an Android phone. This then allows running an almost unchanged Dalvik VM in a sandboxed environment.

Security

According to a security evaluation by Meng Xu, ARC apps may communicate with other installed Chrome Extensions and the files stored on the underlying operating system which might open avenues to various attacks.^[12] These threats are mitigated by the heavily sandboxed environment of ARC.^[13]

Community efforts

During the second half of 2014, before any developer tools or documentation was released by Google, several community efforts about ARC appeared.

Vlad Filippov maintains ARChon, an unofficial distribution of the ARC runtime which can be installed to non-chromebook computers.^[14] The same developer also maintains a JavaScript (nodejs) tool to automate packaging Android apps for use with ARC.^[15]

Other developers created more user-friendly tools beyond chromeos-apk to simplify packaging applications for the ARCon runtime. The first of them is a Chrome Packaged App called twerk^[16] and the other is an Android application ARCon Packager^[17] It used to be named Chrome APK Packager but the name was changed at Google's request.

Software

There is an active Reddit community^[18] which maintains a list^[19] of Android apps that work with the ARCon runtime. Vlad Filippov published a guide how to run Opera Mini inside Chromium browser.^[20]

Reception

The reception has been mostly positive. Some developers expressed confusion about the wide scale of competing development platforms which Google now offers: Web apps, Chrome Packaged Apps and Android Apps delivered through ARC. Google responded that they are fully committed to all those platforms and encourage developers to choose the one that fits them best.^[21]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://chromium.googlesource.com/arc/arc/+/master/docs/getting-started-open-source.md|title=Getting Started with ARC Open Source on Linux|publisher=Google|accessdate=25 January 2015}}
2. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtLJPvx7-ys#t=6070 Google I/O 2014 - Keynote - YouTube]
3. ^Google Chrome Blog: First set of Android apps coming to a Chromebook near you
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/chromebook/answer/6088175?hl=en|title=About App Runtime for Chrome (Beta)|publisher=Google|accessdate=25 January 2015}}
5. ^Google Chrome Blog: First set of Android apps coming to a Chromebook near you
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/chromebook/answer/6088175?hl=en|title=About App Runtime for Chrome (Beta)|publisher=Google|accessdate=25 January 2015}}
7. ^http://www.omgchrome.com/three-android-apps-officially-available-chrome-os-including-podcast-addict
8. ^http://www.anandtech.com/show/9082/the-chromebook-pixel-2015-review/5
9. ^{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Brian|title=Google’s ARC Welder Gives You A Glimpse Of An Android-Anywhere Future|url=http://readwrite.com/2015/04/02/arc-welder-android-apps-to-chrome|accessdate=3 April 2015|work=ReadWrite}}
10. ^https://tc.gtisc.gatech.edu/bss/2014/l/proposals/meng.xu.pdf
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://codereview.chromium.org/690903002/|title=Issue 690903002: Remove timing limitation of SetOption invocation for PPAPI sockets. (Closed)|quote=I'm working on ARC (App Runtime for Chrome) project, which is to run android applications on Chrome, launched two months ago. In the project, we implement posix-layer on top of NaCl IRTs and PPAPIs.|accessdate=25 January 2015}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://sslab.gtisc.gatech.edu/2014/arc-security.html |title=Security Evaluation for ARC |author=Meng Xu |date=10 December 2014 |accessdate=}}
13. ^https://tc.gtisc.gatech.edu/bss/2014/l/final/mengxu.pdf
14. ^[https://bitbucket.org/vladikoff/archon vladikoff / ARChon — Bitbucket]
15. ^[https://github.com/vladikoff/chromeos-apk vladikoff/chromeos-apk · GitHub<]
16. ^[https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/twerk/jhdnjmjhmfihbfjdgmnappnoaehnhiaf twerk - Chrome Web Store]
17. ^https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.bpear.archonpackager
18. ^[https://www.reddit.com/r/chromeapks Chrome APKs]
19. ^[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1iIbxaftAu_ho5rv9fUlXSLTzwU6MbKOldsWXyrYiyo8/edit#gid=0 Chrome APK Official Apps List - Google Sheets]
20. ^[https://dev.opera.com/articles/opera-mini-chrome-os/ Dev.Opera — Opera Mini on your Chromebook for fun and bandwidth]
21. ^[https://support.google.com/chromebook/answer/6088175?hl=en About App Runtime for Chrome (Beta) - Chromebook Help<]