| 词条 | Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel |
| 释义 |
| name = Richard FitzAlan | image =Royal Arms of England (1154-1189).svg | image_size =200px | caption = gules, a lion rampant or[1] | birth_date = 1346 | birth_place = | death_date = {{death date and age|1397|09|21|1346|df=yes}} | death_place = London, England | title = Earl of Arundel, Earl of Surrey | spouse = Elizabeth de Bohun Philippa Mortimer | father = Richard FitzAlan | mother = Eleanor of Lancaster | issue = {{unbulleted list|Thomas FitzAlan|Elizabeth FitzAlan|Joan FitzAlan|Margaret FitzAlan|Alice FitzAlan|William FitzAlan}} }} Richard FitzAlan, 4th or 11th Earl of Arundel and 9th Earl of Surrey, KG (1346{{snd}}21 September 1397) was an English medieval nobleman and military commander. LineageBorn in 1346, he was the son of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster.[2] He succeeded his father to the title of Earl of Arundel on 24 January 1376. His brother was Thomas Arundel, the Bishop of Ely from 1374 to 1388, Archbishop of York from 1388 to 1397, and Archbishop of Canterbury in 1397 and from 1399 until his death in 1414.[3] At the coronation of Richard II, Richard FitzAlan carried the crown.[2] AdmiralIn 1377, Richard FitzAlan held the title of Admiral of the West and South.[2] In this capacity, he attacked Harfleur at Whitsun 1378, but was forced to return to his ships by the defenders. Later, he and John of Gaunt attempted to seize Saint-Malo but were unsuccessful.[4] Power StruggleFitzAlan was closely aligned with Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, who was uncle of King Richard II. Thomas was opposed to Richard II's desire for peace with France in the Hundred Years War and a power struggle ensued between him and Gloucester. In late 1386, Gloucester forced King Richard II to name himself and Richard FitzAlan to the King's Council.[5] This Council was to all intents and purposes a Regency Council for Richard II. However, Richard limited the duration of the Council's powers to one year.[6] Knight of the GarterIn 1386, Richard II named Richard FitzAlan Admiral of England and made him a Knight of the Garter.[2] As Admiral of England, he defeated a Franco-Spanish-Flemish fleet off Margate in March 1387, along with Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham.[6] New favouritesIn August 1387, the King dismissed Gloucester and FitzAlan from the Council and replaced them with his favourites - including the Archbishop of York, Alexander Neville; the Duke of Ireland, Robert de Vere; Michael de la Pole; the Earl of Suffolk, Sir Robert Tresilian, who was the Chief Justice; and the former Mayor of London Nicholas Brembre.[7] Radcot BridgeThe King summoned Gloucester and FitzAlan to a meeting. However, instead of coming, they raised troops and defeated the new Council at Radcot Bridge on 22 December 1387. During that battle, they took the favourites prisoner. The next year, the Merciless Parliament condemned the favourites. FitzAlan was one of the Lords Appellant who accused and condemned Richard II's favorites.[5] He made himself particularly odious to the King by refusing, along with Gloucester, to spare the life of Sir Simon de Burley who had been condemned by the Merciless Parliament. This was even after the queen, Anne of Bohemia, went down on her knees before them to beg for mercy. King Richard never forgave this humiliation and planned and waited for his moment of revenge. Arundel was named Governor of Brest in 1388.[2] Opposed to peacePeace was concluded with France in 1389. However, Richard FitzAlan followed Gloucester's lead and stated that he would never agree with the peace that had been concluded.[5] Marriage and childrenArundel married twice. His first wife was Elizabeth de Bohun, daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere. They married around 28 September 1359 and had seven children:[2][8]
After the death of his first wife in 1385, Arundel married Philippa Mortimer, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March. Her mother was Philippa Plantagenet, the only daughter of Lionel of Antwerp and thus a granddaughter of Edward III. They had no children.[2] Death and successionBy 1394, Arundel was again a member of the royal council, and was involved in a quarrel with John of Gaunt, whom he accused in the parliament of that year.[10] FitzAlan further antagonized the King by arriving late for the queen's funeral. Richard II, in a rage, snatched a wand and struck FitzAlan in the face and drew blood. Shortly after that, the King feigned a reconciliation but he was only biding his time for the right moment to strike. Arundel was persuaded by his brother Thomas to surrender himself and to trust to the king's clemency.[10] On 12 July 1397, Richard was arrested for his opposition to Richard II,[2] as well as plotting with Gloucester to imprison the king.[11] He stood trial at Westminster and was attainted.[12] He was beheaded on 21 September 1397 and was buried in the church of the Augustin Friars, Bread Street, London.[2] Tradition holds that his final words were said to the executioner, "Torment me not long, strike off my head in one blow".[13] In October 1400, the attainder was reversed, and Richard's son Thomas succeeded to his father's estates and honours.[2] Notes1. ^Some Feudal Coats of Arms and Pedigrees. Joseph Foster. 1902. (p.115) 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 G. E. C. The Complete Peerage p. 244-245 3. ^Powell, et al. The House of Lords p. 398 4. ^Seward The Hundred Years War p. 124-125 5. ^1 2 Seward The Hundred Years War p. 136-139 6. ^1 Powell et al. The House of Lords p. 400-401 7. ^Powell et al. The House of Lords p. 404 8. ^Charles Cawley, Medieval Lands, Earls of Arundel (Fitzalan) 9. ^[https://www.google.com/books?id=4xwNAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA298&dq=%22Elizabeth+Fitzalan%22&as_brr=0&ei=No0pR_KsA6jA7AKJh_DoDg Memorials of the Order of the Garter, from Its Foundation to the Present ... By George Frederick p. 298] accessed 1 November 2007 10. ^1 {{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Arundel, Earls of|volume=2|page=706}} 11. ^Seward The Hundred Years War p. 142 12. ^Powell et al. The House of Lords p. 417 13. ^Thomas B. Costain The Last Plantagenets, page 200 Secondary sources
External links
(2nd creation) | years = 1376–1397 }}{{s-aft| rows = 2 | after=Forfeit later reversed for Thomas FitzAlan }}{{s-ttl| title = Earl of Surrey (1st creation) | years = 1376–1397 }}{{S-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Arundel, Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl Of}} 13 : 1346 births|1397 deaths|Earls of Surrey|Earls of Arundel|Knights of the Garter|English admirals|Executed English people|14th-century English people|People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation|FitzAlan family|People convicted under a bill of attainder|Executions at the Tower of London|Burials at Austin Friars, London |
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