| 词条 | Granastrapotherium |
| 释义 |
| name = Granastrapotherium | fossil_range = Middle Miocene (Laventan) ~{{fossil range|13.8|11.8}} | image = Granastrapotherium skull 2.jpg | image_caption = Reconstructed skull of G. snorki | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Mammalia | ordo = {{Extinct}}Astrapotheria | familia = {{Extinct}}Astrapotheriidae | subfamilia = {{Extinct}}Uruguaytheriinae | genus = {{Extinct}}Granastrapotherium | genus_authority = Johnson & Madden 1997 | binomial = {{Extinct}}Granastrapotherium snorki | binomial_authority = Johnson & Madden 1997 }} Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert,[1] in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is Granastrapotherium snorki (from Spanish, gran, "great"; Astrapotherium, "lightning beast"; and snorkel, breathing tube, in reference to the trunk). Remains found in Bolivia and Peru,[2] seem to belong to Granastrapotherium or a very similar animal. DescriptionThis astrapothere differs from its coeval, the uruguaytheriine astrapotheriid Xenastrapotherium by their larger size, between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes, with tusks about one meter long, making it one of the largest representatives of Astrapotheria, only surpassed by some species of Parastrapotherium.[3] Other differences include the presence of only one premolar, the lack of incisors in both jaws and the disposition of the canine tooth, which are very large and horizontal, which reminds much less of those of hippos and more of the tusks of some ancient relatives of elephants (such as Palaeomastodon), although the defences in elephants and their relatives are not formed by the canines but the incisors. Similarly, the large nostrils appear extremely withdrawn on the skull, so this creature had to have a larger trunk than other astrapotheres. Most likely, like elephants, this animal used its muscular proboscis together with its tusks to cut leaves off trees and shrubs.[4] PhylogenyCladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo-Pareja et al., 2015, showing the position of Granastrapotherium:[5]{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%|1=Eoastrapostylops |2={{clade |1=Trigonostylops |2={{clade |1=Tetragonostylops |2={{clade |1=Albertogaudrya |2={{clade |1=Scaglia |2={{clade |1=Astraponotus |2={{clade |1=Maddenia |2={{clade |1=Comahuetherium |2={{clade |1=Parastrapotherium |2={{clade |label1=Astrapotheriinae |1={{clade |1=Astrapotherium |2=Astrapothericulus }} |label2=Uruguaytheriinae |2={{clade |1=Uruguaytherium |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Hilarcotherium |2=Xenastrapotherium }} |2=Granastrapotherium }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} References1. ^Mauricio Pardo Jaramillo. Reporte de un nuevo ejemplar de Granastrapotherium snorki en el Valle Superior del Magdalena, Desierto de la Tatacoa, Huila. Colombia.. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 34 (131): 253-256, 2010. ISSN 0370-3908. 2. ^Antoine, R., Salas-Gismondi, P., Baby, M., Benammi, S., Brusset, D., de Franceschi, N., Espurt, C., Goillot, F., Pujos, J., Tejada and M. Urbina. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Fitzcarrald fauna, Amazonian Peru. 2007. Proceedings of the European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, nº 8. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, 2007. 3. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Kramarz | first1 = Alejandro G. | last2 = Bond | first2 = Mariano | title = Revision of Parastrapotherium (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) and other Deseadan astrapotheres of Patagonia | year = 2008 | journal = Ameghiniana | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | url = http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0002-70142008000300003&script=sci_arttext | accessdate = March 2013 | ref = harv}} 4. ^Johnson, Steven C. & Madden, Richard H. 1997. Uruguaytheriinae Astrapotheres of Tropical South America. Chapter 22 in “Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia”. Edited by Richard F. Kay, Richard H. Madden, Richard L. Cifelli, and John J. Flynn. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington and London. 5. ^{{cite journal |author1=M. C. Vallejo-Pareja |author2=J. D. Carrillo |author3=J. W. Moreno-Bernal |author4=M. Pardo-Jaramillo |author5=D. F. Rodriguez-Gonzalez |author6=J. Muñoz-Duran |year=2015 |title=Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=Online edition |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.903960 }} External links{{Portal|Colombia|Neogene|Paleontology|Prehistoric mammals|Prehistory of South America}}
7 : Meridiungulata|Miocene mammals of South America|Laventan|Neogene Colombia|Fossils of Colombia|Honda Group, Colombia|Fossil taxa described in 1997 |
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