1. Names and etymology

2. History
     Greco-Roman    Modern    Cyprus    Greece    Iran    Italy    Spain    Turkey  

3. See also

4. References

5. Further reading

6. External links

Grape syrup is a condiment made with concentrated grape juice. It is thick and sweet because of its high ratio of sugar to water. Grape syrup is made by boiling grapes, removing their skins, squeezing them through a sieve to extract the juice, and adding sugar. Like other fruit syrups, a common use of grape syrup is as a topping to sweet cakes, such as pancakes or waffles.

Names and etymology

The ancient Greek name for grape syrup is ἕψημα, which transates to 'boiled'.^[1] The Greek name was used in Crete and, in modern times, in Cyprus.^[2]

Vincotto (not to be confused with vino cotto) is the southern Italian term for grape syrup. It is made only from cooked wine grape must (mosto cotto), with no fermentation involved. There is no alcohol or vinegar content, and no additives, preservatives or sweeteners are added. It is both a condiment and ingredient used in either sweet or savory dishes.

History

Greco-Roman

One of the earliest mentions of grape syrup comes from the fifth-century BC Greek physician Hippocrates, who refers to epsima, the Greek name for the condiment.^[5] The fifth-century BC Athenian playwright Aristophanes also makes a reference to it, as does ancient Roman physician Galen.^[5]

Grape syrup was known by different names in Ancient Roman cuisine depending on the boiling procedure. Defrutum, carenum, and sapa were reductions of must. They were made by boiling down grape juice or must in large kettles until it had been reduced to two-thirds of the original volume, carenum; half the original volume, defrutum; or one-third, sapa. Roman general Pliny the Elder states that grape syrup was also referred to as siraion (Greek: "σίραιον").^[6][7]

The main culinary use of defrutum was to help preserve and sweeten wine, but it was also added to fruit and meat dishes as a sweetening and souring agent and even given to food animals such as ducks and suckling pigs to improve the taste of their flesh. Defrutum was mixed with garum to make the popular condiment oenogarum. Quince and melon were preserved in defrutum and honey through the winter, and some Roman women used defrutum or sapa as a cosmetic. Defrutum was often used as a food preservative in provisions for Roman troops.^[8]

Defrutum is mentioned in almost all Roman books dealing with cooking or household management. Pliny the Elder recommended that defrutum only be boiled at the time of the new moon, while Cato the Censor suggested that only the sweetest possible defrutum should be used.

In ancient Rome, grape syrup was often boiled in lead pots, which sweetened the syrup through the leeching of the sweet-tasting chemical compound lead acetate into the syrup. Incidentally, this is thought to have caused lead poisoning for Romans consuming the syrup.^[9][10] A 2009 History Channel documentary produced a batch of historically accurate defrutum in lead-lined vessels and tested the liquid, finding a lead level of 29,000 parts per billion (ppb), which is 2,900 times higher than contemporary American drinking water limit of 10 ppb. These levels are easily high enough to cause either acute lead toxicity if consumed in large amounts or chronic lead poisoning when consumed in smaller quantities over a longer period of time (as defrutum was typically used).^[10]

However, the use of leaden cookware, though popular, was not the general standard of use. Copper cookware was used far more generally and no indication exists as to how often sapa was added or in what quantity. There is not, however, scholarly agreement on the circumstances and quantity of lead in these ancient Roman condiments. For instance, the original research was done by Jerome Nriagu, but was criticized by John Scarborough, a pharmacologist and classicist, who characterized Nriagu's research as "so full of false evidence, miscitations, typographical errors, and a blatant flippancy regarding primary sources that the reader cannot trust the basic arguments."^[11]

Modern

Cyprus

The ancient Greek name epsima (Cypriot Greek: έψημα) is still used to refer to the condiment, which is still made in Cyprus.

Greece

Varkazas, p. 203}}

Petimezi (Greek: πετιμέζι {{IPA-el|petiˈmezi}}), also called epsima (έψημα) and in English "grapemust" or "grape molasses", is a syrup that is reduced until it becomes dark and syrupy. Petimezi keeps indefinitely. Its flavor is sweet with slightly bitter undertones. The syrup may be light or dark colored, depending on the grapes used. Before the wide availability of inexpensive cane sugar, petimezi was a common sweetener in Greek cooking, along with carob syrup and honey. Petimzei is still used today in desserts and as a sweet topping for some foods. Though petimezi can be homemade,^[12][13] it is also sold commercially under different brand names.

From late August until the beginning of December, many Greek bakeries sell dark crunchy and fragrant petimezi cookies, moustokoúloura (Greek: μουστοκούλουρα), are made.

Iran

In Iranian cuisine, grape syrup (in {{lang-fa|شیره انگور}}) is used to sweeten ardeh (tahini), which is consumed at breakfast. An alternative is date syrup, which is also widely used in Middle Eastern cooking.

Italy

Sapa, vincotto or vino cotto is commonly used in Italy, especially in the regions of Emilia Romagna, Marche, Calabria, and Sardinia, where it is considered a traditional flavor.

Spain

Turkey

In Turkey, grape syrup is known as petimezi or pekmez.

See also

• Churchkhela, a sausage-shaped candy made from grape must and nuts
• Drakshasava, an Ayurvedic tonic made from grapes
• List of grape dishes
• List of syrups
• Moustalevria
• Must
• Pekmez, a similar product in the Ottoman world
• Vino cotto
• List of fruit dishes

References

Further reading

• Theodoros Varzakas, Athanasios Labropoulos, Stylianos Anestis, eds., Sweeteners: Nutritional Aspects, Applications, and Production Technology, 2012, {{ISBN|143987672X}}, p. 201ff.
• Harris, Andy Modern Greek: 170 Contemporary Recipes from the Mediterranean. Chronicle Books, 2002. {{ISBN|0-8118-3480-8}} {{ISBN|978-0-8118-3480-3}}
• Ilaria G. Giacosa; A Taste of Ancient Rome; University of Chicago Press; {{ISBN|0-226-29032-8}} (paperback, 1994)
• Pliny the Elder; Natural History; tr. H. Rackham; Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library); {{ISBN|0-674-99432-9}} (cloth, 1956)
• Marcus Porcius Cato; On Agriculture ; Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library); {{ISBN|0-674-99313-6}} (hardcover, 1979)

External links

• Article on grape products from gourmed.com
• James Grout, Lead Poisoning, part of the Encyclopædia Romana

• Gersik Saguking
• Gersinia
• Gers lake
• Gers Lake
• Gersloot
• Gerson Alencar de Lima Junior
• Gerson Bleichroder
• Gerson Bleichroeder
• Gerson Bleichschroder
• Gerson Cacapa
• Gerson Chacón
• Gerson Cohen
• Gerson Da Cunha
• Gerson da Cunha
• Gerson da Silva
• Gerson D. Cohen
• Gerson de Oliveira Nunes
• Gerson (disambiguation)
• Gerson dos Santos
• Gerson Echeverry
• Gerson (footballer, born 1986)
• Gerson (footballer, born 1992)
• Gerson Garcia
• Gerson García
• Gerson Lehrman Group