| 词条 | Great Rocks Dale |
| 释义 |
Great Rocks Dale is a dry valley in the Derbyshire Peak District, known for its extensive quarrying. Geography and geologyThe valley runs from Peak Dale down to Blackwell Mill on the River Wye. The scenery is of limestone, which extends to a depth of around 380 metres.[1] It contains the only dikes in the White Peak.[2]{{rp|63}} Boreholes have enabled the extraction of significant amounts of water, used by local industry.[2]{{rp|176}} Prior to the local quarrying, the southern part of the valley was described as "narrow, flat-bottomed, rocky... [with] almost perpendicular cliffs of limestone on either side...", whereas the northern part was broader and grassy.[3] HistoryThe dale fell within the bounds of the mediaeval Forest of High Peak. The surrounding land was first farmed in about 1250, by people connected with the nearby hamlet of Tunstead.[4]{{rp|167}} In 1867, an extension of the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway was opened, running through the valley between Peak Forest and Millers Dale. This section of line remains open, for freight traffic.[4]{{rp|258}} The valley is now dominated by Tunstead Quarry, a large limestone quarry,[4]{{rp|168}} worked since 1929.[5] Given its economic importance, the boundary of the Peak District National Park was carefully drawn to exclude the dale.[6] By 1973, Tunstead was the largest quarry in Europe, and permission to extend it into the National Park was rejected on the grounds that there was sufficient stone to last until at least 2000.[7] Following a Public Inquiry and a High Court case, the Secretary of State ultimately overrode the National Park Authority's decision and granted permission for a {{convert|148.57|ha|adj=on}} extension within the Peak District National Park.[8][7]{{rp|27-28}} It remains the largest producer of limestone in the Peak District, with about 5.5 million tonnes extracted each year.[9] In 1932, quarrying opened a fissure which contained remains of bison, Irish elk and deer, washed down from the surface in the distant past.[10] In 1957, the painter Peter Lanyon visited the valley to study the faces of the quarry, seeing them as revealing both the geological and human history of the area.[11] References1. ^{{cite book |first1=Ian Patrick |last1=Stevenson |first2=Geoffrey Douglas |last2=Gaunt |publisher=British Geological Survey |title=Geology of the country around Chapel en le Frith |page=22 |isbn=978-0118801157}} {{coord|53.266|-1.849|dim:5000_region:GB|display=title}}2. ^1 {{cite book |first=Trevor |last=Ford |title=Limestones and caves of the Peak District |publisher=Geo Abstracts |location=Norwich |date=1977}} 3. ^{{cite journal |publisher=Geological Society |journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London |volume=63 |page=247}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book| first1=Roy |last1=Millward |first2=Adrian Henry |last2=Wardle Robinson |title=The Peak District |publisher=Eyre Methuen |date=1975}} 5. ^{{cite book |first=Helen |last=Harris |title=The industrial archaeology of the Peak District |publisher=Ashbourne Editions |year=1992 |isbn=978-1873775080| page=73}} 6. ^{{cite book |first=Roger |last=Redfern |title=Walking in Peakland |publisher=Cicerone |date=1 September 2001 |isbn=978-1852843151}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |first=Roy |last=Christian |title=Vanishing Britain |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot |date=1974 |isbn=978-0715373460 |page=27–28}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://pam.peakdistrict.gov.uk/files/13681546.pdf |title=Limestone Quarrying at Old Moor, near Wormhill: Appeal by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd, and Explanatory Inquiry into Expediency of Modifying Planning Permission |publisher=Department of the Environment |date=31 January 1980 |accessdate=4 September 2013}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/foundation-web/Tunstead.html |title=Superquarries: Tunstead |publisher=British Geological Survey|accessdate=4 September 2013}} 10. ^{{cite book |first=C. H. D. |last=Cullingford |title=British Caving |page=189 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |date=1962 |asin=B000P90XC6}} 11. ^{{cite book |first=Andrew |last=Causey |title=Peter Lanyon: Modernism and the Land (Essays in Art & Culture) |page=172 |publisher=Reaktion Books |date=2006 |isbn=978-1861892751}} 3 : Quarries in England|Valleys of Derbyshire|Valleys of the Peak District |
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