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Riemann's differential equation

释义

Definition
Solutions and relationship with the hypergeometric function
Fractional linear transformations
See also
Notes
References

In mathematics, Riemann's differential equation, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a generalization of the hypergeometric differential equation, allowing the regular singular points (RSPs) to occur anywhere on the Riemann sphere, rather than merely at 0, 1, and . The equation is also known as the Papperitz equation.^[1]

The hypergeometric differential equation is a second-order linear differential equation which has three regular singular points, 0, 1 and . That equation admits two linearly independent solutions; near a singularity , the solutions take the form , where is a local variable, and is locally holomorphic with . The real number is called the exponent of the solution at . Let α, β and γ be the exponents of one solution at 0, 1 and respectively; and let α', β' and γ' be those of the other. Then

By applying suitable changes of variable, it is possible to transform the hypergeometric equation: Applying Möbius transformations will adjust the positions of the RSPs, while other transformations (see below) can change the exponents at the RSPs, subject to the exponents adding up to 1.

Definition

The differential equation is given by

The regular singular points are {{mvar|a}}, {{mvar|b}}, and {{mvar|c}}. The exponents of the solutions at these RSPs are, respectively, {{math|α; α′}}, {{math|β; β′}}, and {{math|γ; γ′}}. As before, the exponents are subject to the condition

Solutions and relationship with the hypergeometric function

The solutions are denoted by the Riemann P-symbol (also known as the Papperitz symbol)

The standard hypergeometric function may be expressed as

The P-functions obey a number of identities; one of them allows a general P-function to be expressed in terms of the hypergeometric function. It is

In other words, one may write the solutions in terms of the hypergeometric function as

The full complement of Kummer's 24 solutions may be obtained in this way; see the article hypergeometric differential equation for a treatment of Kummer's solutions.

Fractional linear transformations

The P-function possesses a simple symmetry under the action of fractional linear transformations known as Möbius transformations (that are the conformal remappings of the Riemann sphere), or equivalently, under the action of the group {{math|GL(2, C)}}. Given arbitrary complex numbers {{mvar|A}}, {{mvar|B}}, {{mvar|C}}, {{mvar|D}} such that {{math|AD − BC ≠ 0}}, define the quantities

and

then one has the simple relation

expressing the symmetry.

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|last=Siklos|first=Stephen|title=The Papperitz equation|url=http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/stcs/courses/fcm/handouts/papperitz.pdf|accessdate=21 April 2014}}

References

Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables (Dover: New York, 1972)
- Chapter 15 Hypergeometric Functions
- Section 15.6 Riemann's Differential Equation

3 : Hypergeometric functions|Ordinary differential equations|Bernhard Riemann

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Definition

Solutions and relationship with the hypergeometric function

Fractional linear transformations

See also

Notes

References