词条 | Rila |
释义 |
| name=Rila | other_name={{lang-bg|Рила}} | photo=Страшното езеро.jpg | photo_caption=The Dreadful Lake | country= Bulgaria | border= | geology= granite, gneiss, marble, quartz|orogeny= | area_km2=2629 |range_coordinates = | length_km= | length_orientation= west-east | width_km= | width_orientation= north-south | highest=Musala | elevation_m=2925 |coordinates = {{coord|42|06|00|N|23|33|00|E|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | map= }} Rila ({{lang-bg|Рила}}, {{IPA-mk|ˈriɫɐ|pron}}) is a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria and the highest mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkans, with its highest peak being Musala at 2,925 m. The massif is also the sixth highest mountain in Europe (when each mountain is represented by its highest peak only), coming after the Caucasus, the Alps, Sierra Nevada, the Pyrenees and Mount Etna, and the highest between the Alps and the Caucasus. It is also the 4th most topographic isolated mountain in Continental Europe.[1]More than one-third of the mountain is occupied by the Rila National Park, the rest lies within the Rila Monastery Nature Park. The mountain is believed to have been named after the river of the same name, which comes from the Old Bulgarian verb "рыти" meaning "to grub".[2][3] Rila is abundant in glacial lakes (about 200) and hot springs in fault areas at the base of the mountain. Some of the Balkans' longest and deepest rivers originate from Rila, including Maritsa, Iskar and Mesta. Culturally, Rila is famous for the Rila Monastery, Bulgaria's largest and most important monastery, founded in the 10th century by Saint John of Rila. Alongside the cultural landmarks the mountain is also famous for the Seven Rila Lakes. GeologyRila is a dome-shaped horst mountain, part of the Balkans' oldest land, the Macedono-Thracian Massif. It was formed by granite and gneiss rocks and crystal schists during the Cenozoic (10,000,000 years ago). Rila's alpine relief was formed during the Pleistocene by a series of glacial periods. During the most recent, so-called Würm glaciation, 10-12,000 years ago the permanent snow line was at 2,100 m above sea level. Above this line glaciers radically changed the existing relief, carving out deep cirques, sharp pyramid-shaped peaks, rock pinnacles, various valleys, moraines and other typical glacial formations. Borders and climateRila has an area of 2,400 km2. The dome of the mountain rises over the surrounding mountain valleys, with the Borovets Saddle (1,305 m) connecting the main Musala Ridge with the Shipochan and Shumnatitsa ridges that connect to the Ihtiman Sredna Gora mountains through the Gate of Trajan pass. The Yundola Saddle (1,375 m) and the Avramovo Saddle (1,295 m) link Rila with the Rhodopes to the east, while the connection with Pirin is the Predel Saddle (1,140 m), the one with Verila being the Klisura Saddle (1,025 m). The climate is typically alpine, with 2,000 mm of precipitation on Musala yearly, about half of which is snow. The lowest average temperature ever measured in February on Musala is –11.6 °C and the absolute minimum is -31.2 °C. An average temperature for August is 5.4 °C, the maximum being 18.7 °C. {{Wide image|RilaEnglish.jpg|750px|Map of Rila mountains in English}}{{Weather box|location = Musala Peak |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 7 |Feb record high C = 3.4 |Mar record high C = 12.1 |Apr record high C = 13.7 |May record high C = 12.6 |Jun record high C = 16.5 |Jul record high C = 20.0 |Aug record high C = 18.7 |Sep record high C = 17 |Oct record high C = 14 |Nov record high C = 9.6 |Dec record high C = 6.8 |year record high C = 18.7 |Jan high C = -8.2 |Feb high C = -7.6 |Mar high C = -5.6 |Apr high C = -1.6 |May high C = 2.5 |Jun high C = 7.0 |Jul high C = 10.0 |Aug high C = 10.2 |Sep high C = 6.1 |Oct high C = 1.8 |Nov high C = -2.1 |Dec high C = -6.1 |year high C = 0.5 |Jan mean C = -10.9 |Feb mean C = -10.8 |Mar mean C = -9.0 |Apr mean C = -5.2 |May mean C = -1.0 |Jun mean C = 4.3 |Jul mean C = 6.8 |Aug mean C = 7.1 |Sep mean C = 2.6 |Oct mean C = -1.0 |Nov mean C = -4.9 |Dec mean C = -8.6 |year mean C = -2.5 |Jan low C = -13.8 |Feb low C = -13.6 |Mar low C = -11.6 |Apr low C = -7.8 |May low C = -3.4 |Jun low C = 1.5 |Jul low C = 3.6 |Aug low C = 4.1 |Sep low C = 0.2 |Oct low C = -3.6 |Nov low C = -7.3 |Dec low C = -11.0 |year low C = -5.2 |Jan record low C = -30.6 |Feb record low C = -29.8 |Mar record low C = -26.8 |Apr record low C = -20.6 |May record low C = -15.6 |Jun record low C = -12 |Jul record low C = -8 |Aug record low C = -9.8 |Sep record low C = -14 |Oct record low C = -17.5 |Nov record low C = -27.4 |Dec record low C = -31.2 |year record low C = -31.2 |Jan precipitation mm = 126 |Feb precipitation mm = 110 |Mar precipitation mm = 130 |Apr precipitation mm = 128 |May precipitation mm = 119 |Jun precipitation mm = 105 |Jul precipitation mm = 80 |Aug precipitation mm = 56 |Sep precipitation mm = 47 |Oct precipitation mm = 72 |Nov precipitation mm = 88 |Dec precipitation mm = 115 |year precipitation mm = 1176 |Jan rain days = 1 |Feb rain days = 0 |Mar rain days = 0 |Apr rain days = 0 |May rain days = 4 |Jun rain days = 8 |Jul rain days = 9 |Aug rain days = 7 |Sep rain days = 6 |Oct rain days = 3 |Nov rain days = 1 |Dec rain days = 0 |Jan snow days= 13 |Feb snow days= 14 |Mar snow days= 17 |Apr snow days= 18 |May snow days= 14 |Jun snow days= 5 |Jul snow days= 2 |Aug snow days= 1 |Sep snow days= 4 |Oct snow days= 8 |Nov snow days= 13 |Dec snow days= 15 |year snow days= 124 |Jan sun = 114 |Feb sun = 112 |Mar sun = 140 |Apr sun = 127 |May sun = 168 |Jun sun = 181 |Jul sun = 250 |Aug sun = 250 |Sep sun = 182 |Oct sun = 169 |Nov sun = 128 |Dec sun = 104 |year sun = 1925 |source 1 = Stringmeteo.com |date=June 2012 }} Flora and faunaThe flora of Rila contains three local endemics which are seen only in this mountain. These plants are Primula deorum (with the largest population), Rheum rhaponticum and Alchemilla pawlowskii. In the mountain thrives also 36 plants as Campanula lanata, Centaurea mannagettae which are endemic for the Balkans. Some of the plant species have survived the last glacial period by turning into relict organisms. Some of the animals, which live in Rila, are in danger as well. 24 of the species that inhabit Rila are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4] There are 172 types of vertebrates living in Rila and 121 of them are registered in the Bulgarian Red List of Threatened Species, 15 are recorded in the European Red List of Threatened Species, 24 are listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and 158 of 172 are included in the Bern Convention lists.[5] Such animals are Barbus cyclolepis (which is rare because of the habitat loss and the river pollution), Triturus alpestris, Spermophilus citellus (European Ground Squirrel) and others. List of mammals in National park RilaThere are 48 mammal species in National park Rila Insectivores
SubdivisionRila is subdivided into several parts depending on their geographic position.
Peaks in Rila
TriviaRila Point on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Rila Mountain. Panoramic views{{wide image|Rilapanorama.JPG|750px|Winter panorama of Northwestern Rila seen from Yastrebets}}{{wide image|Rila 7 lakes circus panorama edit1.jpg|750px|Panorama of the Seven Rila Lakes circus in Rila mountain}}References1. ^[https://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=337] 2. ^Български етимологичен речник, том 6, Академично издателство "Професор Марин Дринов", София 2002, стр. 256-257 3. ^Иван Дуриданов, Южнославянските речни названия и тяхното значение за славянския топонимичен атлас, Славянска филология 3, Българска академия на науките, София 1963, стр.197 Eprints.nbu.bg 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://rilanationalpark.bg/bg/pages/index/t:%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82/c:%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904062047/http://rilanationalpark.bg/bg/pages/index/t:%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82/c:%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82 |archivedate=2014-09-04 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bgtourinfo.net/rilapark.html|title=Rilapark - BG Tour Info - Providing Travel Information For Eastern European Destinations|website=Bgtourinfo.net|accessdate=15 October 2017}} External links{{commons category|Rila}}
8 : Mountain ranges of Bulgaria|Rila|Landforms of Kyustendil Province|Tourist attractions in Kyustendil Province|Landforms of Sofia Province|Tourist attractions in Sofia Province|Landforms of Blagoevgrad Province|Tourist attractions in Blagoevgrad Province |
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