| 词条 | Ringen |
| 释义 |
| logo = | logocaption = | logosize = | image =De Fechtbuch Talhoffer 194.jpg | imagecaption =a throwing technique as illustrated in the 1467 fechtbuch by Hans Talhoffer | imagesize = | name =ringen, kampfringen | aka = | focus =grappling | hardness = | country ={{flag|Holy Roman Empire}} | famous_pract = Ott Jud, Paulus Kal | ancestor arts = | descendant arts = | olympic = }} Ringen is the German language term for grappling (wrestling). In the context of the German school of historical European martial arts during the Late Middle Ages and the German Renaissance, ringen refers to unarmed combat in general, including grappling techniques used as part of swordsmanship. The German tradition has records of a number of master-Ringer of the 15th to 16th centuries specializing in unarmed combat, such as Ott Jud. Medieval and early Renaissance wrestling treatises present both sport and combat techniques together as one art. The distinction is made more frequently by modern practitioners than is present in historical sources, but in a select few examples the terms for sportive grappling or geselliges ringen and earnest unarmed combat or kampfringen (where kampf is the Early Modern German term for "war" or battle) were used to describe specific techniques which were only suitable for one scenario or the other. There are no known sources describing medieval rulesets for Ringen competition. However, many living folk wrestling styles in Europe are fought until a throw is completed. The lack of detailed ground wrestling in the medieval wrestling treatises supports the theory that in both competition and combat the throw was more important than extended ground wrestling. While sportive grappling had fixed rules that prohibited dangerous techniques, usually starting in grappling hold and ending with a throw or submission, kampfringen can be considered a system of unarmed self-defense including punches, joint-locks, elbow strikes, chokeholds, headbutts and (to a limited extent) kicks. The German tradition of ringen was eclipsed during the 17th century as the modern Baroque understanding of nobility precluded the participation of the higher classes in wrestling matches. Wrestling continued to be practiced among the lower classes, giving rise to the various traditional styles of folk wrestling. HistoryOne of the primary men to have shaped Ringen at the dawning of the Renaissance appears to have been Austrian master Ott Jud. Ott was a master of the early 15th century. He is credited in multiple medieval combat treatises with a series of wrestling techniques, including joint breaks, arm locks and throws. No treatise from Ott's own hand has survived, but his system is taught by several fencing masters of the later 15th century, including Hans Talhoffer (1443), Peter von Danzig and Jud Lew. Paulus Kal counts him among the "society of Liechtenauer", saying that he was wrestling teacher to the "lords of Austria"[1] (possibly under Frederick III).[2]According to both Talhoffer and Lew, Ott was a baptized Jew.[3] Other treatises that contain material both on ringen and on swordsmanship include those of Fiore dei Liberi (c. 1410), Fabian von Auerswald (1462), Pietro Monte (c. 1480), and Hans Wurm (c. 1500). Wrestling fell out of fashion among the upper classes with the beginning Baroque period. A late treatise on ringen is that by Johann Georg Passchen, published in 1659.[4] Maybe the last book which deals with Ringen as a deadly martial art, is possibly "Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst" from Johann Andreas Schmidt, which was published in Weigel, Nürnberg in 1713.[5] Grappling techniques in swordsmanship{{further|German school of fencing}}Many manuals combine fencing and wrestling into a specialized branch of kampfringen called ringen am schwert ("grappling at the sword"), designed to be used during armed combat. This included closing techniques, disarms, weapon-seizures, pommel-strikes, and weapon-aided joint-locks. Grappling techniques are particularly central to the discipline of armoured fighting (Harnischfechten). Mounted grapplingSeveral manuscripts detail grappling techniques for mounted combat or rossfechten. See also
References1. ^Maister ott jud der der hern von osterrich ringer gewessen yst ([https://books.google.com/books?id=Qq4AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA244&dq=%22Ott+Jud%22&hl=en&ei=L98NTriaFMOV8QOSoey4Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q=%22Ott%20Jud%22&f=false k. k. Ambraser-Sammlung], ca. 1470) 2. ^Welle 1993, p. 259 3. ^"Neuerdings hat Ginsburger ('Les Juifs et l'art militaire' in [https://books.google.com/books?id=-ptCAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Ott+Jud%22&dq=%22Ott+Jud%22&hl=en&ei=EN8NTpuDC4KO8gPTgeG0Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ REJ 87] [1929]) nachgewiesen, daß der herzoglich österreichische Ringmeister 'Ott Jud' ein Judentäufling war. Aber ob das wirklich als 'preuve presque certaine' aufgefaßt werden darf, daß der von G. erwähnte Autor eines Buches über Fechtkunst namens Andreas Jude ebenfalls jüdischer Abkunft war, erscheint mir zweifelhaft."Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, vol. 3 (1931). 4. ^Vollständiges Ring-Buch / darinnen angewiesen wird / wie man Adversarium recht sol angreiffen / sich lossmachen / die schläge pariren / unterschiedliche Lectiones und die contra-Lectiones darauff machen / mit Fleiß beschrieben und mit vielen nothwendigen kupffern außgebildet. 1659, reprint 1663 Halle (S.), Melchior Oelschlägel; English translation by Eli Steenput, Journal of Western Martial Art, November 2000 5. ^http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/pageview/102714
6 : Historical European martial arts|Wrestling in Germany|Grappling|German martial arts|Sports originating in Germany|History of the Holy Roman Empire |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。