| 词条 | Risorius | |
| 释义 |
| Name = Risorius | Latin = Musculus risorius | Image = Sobo 1909 260 - Risorius.png | Caption = Superficial muscles of the head and neck, showing the risorius in red. | Image2 = Musculusrisorius.png | Caption2 = Muscles of the head, face, and neck. Risorius shown in red | Origin = Parotid fascia | Insertion = Modiolus | Blood = Facial artery | Nerve = Buccal branch of the facial nerve | Action = Draws back angle of mouth }}{{More citations needed|date=May 2015}} The risorius is a muscle of facial expression which arises in the fascia over the parotid gland and, passing horizontally forward, superficial to the platysma, inserts onto the skin at the angle of the mouth. It is a narrow bundle of fibers, broadest at its origin, but varies much in its size and form. ActionThe risorius retracts the angle of the mouth to produce a smile, albeit an insincere-looking one that does not involve the skin around the eyes. Compare with a real smile, which raises the lips with the action of zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor muscles and causes "crow's feet" around the eyes using the orbicularis oculi muscles. InnervationLike all muscles of facial expression, the risorius is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII). The specific branch is debated, with some sources giving marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve and others giving buccal branch of the facial nerve. Unique to HomininesIt has been suggested that the risorius is only found in Homininae (African great apes and humans).[1] Individual differencesA study of 18 Caucasian cadavers found individual differences in the presence and bilateral symmetry of risorius muscles. Seven of these individuals (both men and women) clearly lacked the muscle; two were inconclusive; only four were conclusively symmetric.[2] Additional imagesReferences{{Gray's}}1. ^Page 288 in {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01403.x |pmid=21689100 |pmc=3171772 |title=Soft-tissue anatomy of the primates: Phylogenetic analyses based on the muscles of the head, neck, pectoral region and upper limb, with notes on the evolution of these muscles |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=219 |issue=3 |pages=273–359 |year=2011 |last1=Diogo |first1=R. |last2=Wood |first2=B. }} 2. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.435 |pmid=18540761 |title=Selection for universal facial emotion |journal=Emotion |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=435–9 |year=2008 |last1=Waller |first1=Bridget M. |last2=Cray |first2=James J. |last3=Burrows |first3=Anne M. |citeseerx=10.1.1.612.9868 }} External links{{Commons category|Risorius}}
1 : Muscles of the head and neck |
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