请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Rita Levi-Montalcini
释义

  1. Early life and education

  2. Career and research

  3. Political career

  4. Personal life

  5. Awards and honors

  6. See also

  7. Bibliography

     Publications 

  8. References

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

{{use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}{{Infobox scientist
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Senator for life
Rita Levi-Montalcini
{{post-nominals|post-noms=OMRI OMCA}}
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Rita Levi-Montalcini bandw.jpg
| caption = Rita Levi-Montalcini, circa 1975. Image courtesy of the Bernard Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|4|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = Turin, Italy
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|12|30|1909|4|22|df=y}}
| death_place = Rome, Italy
| residence =
| citizenship = Italy
| nationality = Italian
| field = Neurobiology
| work_institution = Washington University in St. Louis
| alma_mater = University of Turin
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Nerve growth factor
| awards = {{Plainlist|
  • EMBO Membership (1974)[1]
  • Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (1983)
  • Lasker Award (1986)
  • Nobel Prize (1986)
  • National Medal of Science (1987)
  • ForMemRS (1995)[2]}}
  • Honorary degree in biotechnology at University of Milano-Bicocca (2008)

}}Rita Levi-Montalcini, {{post-nominals|post-noms=OMRI, OMCA}} ({{IPA-it|ˈriːta ˈlɛːvi montalˈtʃiːni}}; 22 April 1909 – 30 December 2012) was an Italian Nobel laureate, honored for her work in neurobiology. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF).[2] From 2001 until her death, she also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.[3] This honor was given due to her significant scientific contributions.[4]

On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate ever to reach the age of 100,[5] and the event was feted with a party at Rome's City Hall.[6][7] At the time of her death, she was the oldest living Nobel laureate.[8]

Early life and education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[10][9]

to a Sephardic Jewish family.[10][13] She and her twin sister Paola were the youngest of four children. Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, an electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti and Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Turin at the turn of the twentieth century.[11][12]

In her teenage years, she considered becoming a writer and admired Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf,[13] but after seeing a close family friend die of stomach cancer she decided to attend the University of Turin Medical School.[14] Her father discouraged his daughters from attending college, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives as wives and mothers, but eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become a doctor.[11] While at the University of Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in the developing nervous system.[5] After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936 she remained at the university as Levi's assistant, but her academic career was cut short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and the subsequent introduction of laws barring Jews from academic and professional careers.[20]

Career and research

Levi-Montalcini lost her assistant position in the anatomy department after a 1938 law barring Jews from university positions was passed.[15] During World War II she set up a laboratory in her bedroom and studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, which laid the groundwork for much of her later research. She described this experience decades later in the science documentary film Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times (1997).[16] The film also features her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected artist best known for her aluminum sculptures designed to bring light to the rooms due to the reflective white surface.[17]

When the Germans invaded Italy in September 1943, her family fled south to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[18] In her hiding place, she set up a laboratory in a corner of their shared living space. During the Nazi occupation, Rita was in contact with the partisans of the Action Party.[19] After the liberation of Florence in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for the Allied health service. Her family returned to Turin in 1945.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the laboratory of Professor Viktor Hamburger at Washington University in St. Louis; he was interested in two of the articles Levi-Montalcini had published in foreign scientific journals. [20] After she duplicated the results of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a research associate position, which she held for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid growth of nerve cells.[21] By transferring pieces of tumors to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of nerve fibers. The discovery of nerves growing everywhere like a halo around the tumor cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said it is: "like rivulets of water flowing steadily over a bed of stones." [22] The nerve growth produced by the tumor was unlike anything she had seen before – the nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But nerves did not grow into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo back to the tumor. This suggested to Montalcini that the tumor itself was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves.

She was made a full professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory in Rome and divided her time between there and St. Louis. In 1963, she became the first woman to receive the Max Weinstein Award (given by the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant contributions into neurological research. [23]

From 1961 to 1969, she directed the Research Center of Neurobiology of the CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Cellular Biology.[21] After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director of the Institute of Cell Biology of the Italian National Council of Research in Rome. She later retired from that position in 1979, however continued to be involved as a guest professor.[24]

Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Research Institute in 2002, and then served as its president.[25][26] Her role in this institute was at the center of some criticism from some parts of the scientific community in 2010.[27]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation of Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical industry Fidia . While working for Fidia, she improved the understanding of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, the scientist supported the drug Cronassial (a particular ganglioside) produced by Fidia from bovine brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in treatment of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[28][29] Years later, some patients under treatment with Cronassial reported a severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome). As per the normal cautionary routine, Germany banned Cronassial in 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug only in 1993; at the same time, an investigation revealed that Fidia paid the Italian Ministry of Health for a quick approval of Cronassial and later paid for pushing use of the drug in treatment of diseases where it had not been tested.[30][31][32] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, and she was criticized publicly.[33]

In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists pointing out the importance of the mast cell in human pathology.[34] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.[35]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Nobel Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category. The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research in to the nerve growth factor (NGF), the protein that causes cell growth due to stimulated nerve tissue. [36]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Life by the President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[9]

On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due to her support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of saving the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Senate was at risk. Her old age was mocked by far-right politician Francesco Storace.[37][38]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, and her mother, Adele Montalcini, was a painter.[39] The family's Jewish roots extend back to the Roman Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of women attending college as it would intrude in their ability to tend to the children and house.[40]

Levi-Montalcini had an older brother Gino, who died after a heart attack in 1974. He was one of the most well known Italian architects and a professor at the University of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older than Rita, and Paola, her twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

Levi-Montalcini never married and had no children. In a 2006 interview she said: "I never had any hesitation or regrets in this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent human relations, work and interests. I have never felt lonely."[41] She died in her home in Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103.[42]

Upon her death, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was a great loss "for all of humanity." He praised her as someone who represented "civic conscience, culture and the spirit of research of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to be admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for her lifelong endeavor to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" example for Italy and the world.[43]

Awards and honors

In 1966, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[44]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[45] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[46] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1974, although a professed atheist,[47] she became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences[48]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[49]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Prize in Medicine,[21] as well as the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.[50] This made her the fourth Nobel Prize winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Medal of Science, the highest American scientific honor.[46]

In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine from the University of Trieste, Italy. On that occasion, she expressed her desire to formulate a Carta of Human Duties as necessary counterpart of the too much neglected Declaration of Human Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing of the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at the University of Trieste.[51]

She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[52]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[53]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[54]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin, in her native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from European Academy of Sciences.

In 2011, at the Sapienza University of Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill University, Canada.

She was a founding member of Città della Scienza.[55] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

See also

  • Timeline of women in science

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My Life and Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. {{ISBN|0-8160-3173-8}}.{{unreliable source?|date=May 2018}}
  • Muhm, Myriam : Vage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22. December 1986 {{cite web |url=http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/myriammontalcini.htm |title=L'Archivio "medicina – medicine" |publisher=Larchivio.org |accessdate=2011-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928012942/http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/myriammontalcini.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
{{Refend}}

Publications

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
  • Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments in neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. {{ISBN|88-11-59390-5}}. (1999 nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. {{ISBN|88-241-0162-3}}.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. {{ISBN|88-7148-001-5}}.
  • Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. {{ISBN|88-11-59415-4}}.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. {{ISBN|88-17-84077-7}}.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. {{ISBN|88-7937-095-2}}.
  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, con Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. {{ISBN|88-7828-101-8}}.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. {{ISBN|88-420-4147-5}}.
  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. {{ISBN|88-11-73837-7}}.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione an American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.
  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. {{ISBN|88-8089-198-7}}.
  • L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. {{ISBN|88-8089-429-3}}.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. {{ISBN|88-8089-636-9}}.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. {{ISBN|88-214-2467-7}}.
  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. {{ISBN|88-17-86072-7}}.
  • L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. {{ISBN|88-7078-666-8}}.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. {{ISBN|88-8490-111-1}}.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. {{ISBN|88-8490-140-5}}.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. {{ISBN|88-8490-429-3}}.
  • Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. {{ISBN|88-17-00199-6}}.
  • Lungo le vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. {{ISBN|88-88507-56-6}}.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. {{ISBN|88-88716-35-1}}.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. {{ISBN|88-17-00823-0}}.
  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. {{ISBN|88-8490-983-X}}.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007. {{ISBN|978-88-95499-00-0}}.
  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. {{ISBN|978-88-451-4308-3}}.
  • Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. {{ISBN|978-88-6145-033-2}}.
  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. {{ISBN|978-88-6073-444-0}}.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008 {{ISBN|88-95839-05-6}}
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. {{ISBN|978-88-6073-557-7}}.
  • L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. {{ISBN|978-88-17-01529-5}}.
{{div col end}}{{Library resources box|by=yes|lcheading= Levi-Montalcini, Rita}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://people.embo.org/profile/rita-levi-montalcini|author=Anon|year=2012|title=Rita Levi-Montalcini EMBO profile|publisher=European Molecular Biology Organization|location=Heidelberg|website=people.embo.org}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|accessdate=1 January 2013}}
3. ^{{cite journal |author=Bradshaw RA |title=Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909-2012) Nobel prizewinning neurobiologist and eminent advocate for science|journal=Nature|location=London |volume=493 |issue=7432 |pages=306 |year= 2013 |pmid=23325208 |doi=10.1038/493306a|bibcode=2013Natur.493..306B}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rita-Levi-Montalcini}}
5. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Abbott | first1 = A. | title = Neuroscience: One hundred years of Rita | doi = 10.1038/458564a | journal = Nature | volume = 458 | issue = 7238 | pages = 564–567 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19340056| pmc = }}
6. ^{{cite news|title=The Doyenne of Neuroscience celebrates her 100th birthday|url=http://www.ibro.info/Pub/Pub_Main_Display.asp?LC_Docs_ID=4067|accessdate=31 December 2012|newspaper=IBRO}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
7. ^{{cite news|last=Owen|first=Richard|title=Secret of Longevity: No Food, No Husband, No Regrets|url=http://excelle.monster.com/news/articles/3264-secret-of-longevity-no-food-no-husband-no-regrets|accessdate=31 December 2012|newspaper=Excelle|date=30 April 2009}}
8. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/9771938/Oldest-living-Nobel-winner-Rita-Levi-Montalcini-dies.html | title =Oldest living Nobel winner Rita Levi Montalcini dies | date=30 December 2012 | publisher=The Telegraph | access-date= 1 October 2016}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|title=Scheda di attività – Rita Levi-Montalcini|url=http://www.senato.it/leg/16/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00018431.htm|accessdate=1 January 2013}}
10. ^https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21569019-rita-levi-montalcini-biologist-died-december-30th-aged-103-rita-levi-montalcini Rita Levi-Montalcini
11. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Carey|first=Benedict|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/31/science/dr-rita-levi-montalcini-a-revolutionary-in-the-study-of-the-brain-dies-at-103.html|title=Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel Winner, Dies at 103|date=30 December 2012|work=The New York Times}}
12. ^{{cite book|last=Levi-Montalcini|first=Rita|title=In Praise of Imperfection: My Life and Work|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1z64AAAAIAAJ|quote=Mother and Father both came from Sephardic families which had moved respectively from Asti and Casale Monferrato, two towns of some importance in Piedmont, to settle in Turin at the turn of the century.|date=1988-04-18}}
13. ^{{cite news|last1=Krause-Jackson|first1=Flavia|last2=Martinuzzi|first2=Elisa|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-30/levi-montalcini-italian-nobel-prize-laureate-dies-at-103.html|title=Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel Laureate, Dies at 103|date=30 December 2012|publisher=Bloomberg}}
14. ^{{cite news|last=Siegel|first=Judy|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1440078621.html?dids=1440078621:1440078621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+04%2C+2008&author=JUDY+SIEGEL&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Oldest+living+Nobel+laureate+arrives+today+on+solidarity+visit.+98-+year-old+Italian+neurologist+Rita+Levi-Montalcini+triumphed+over+Mussolini%27s+anti-Jewish+edicts&pqatl=google|title=Oldest living Nobel laureate arrives today on solidarity visit. 98- year-old Italian neurologist Rita Levi-Montalcini triumphed over Mussolini's anti-Jewish edicts|date=4 March 2008|work=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=30 December 2012}}
15. ^Yount, Lisa, Twentieth-Century Women Scientists, Facts on File, Inc., 1996, p. 29, {{ISBN|0-8160-3173-8}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Death by Design: Where Parallel Worlds Meet|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118947/fullcredits#cast|publisher=Internet Movie Database|accessdate=31 December 2012}}
17. ^{{cite web |last1=Di Genova |first1=Giorgio |title=Paola Levi-Montalcini |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/levi-montalcini-paola |website=Jewish Women's Archive}}
18. ^"Rita Levi Montalcini", Treccani.it.
19. ^http://www.ebri.it/en/pagine/1_biografia_2_biography_30
20. ^{{cite web |website=http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mowihsp/bios/levi_montalcini.htm}}
21. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/12/30/nobel-winning-scientist-levi-montalcini-dies-in-rome-at-103-biologist-studied/|title=Nobel-winning scientist Levi-Montalcini dies in Rome at 103, biologist studied growth factor|date=30 December 2012|publisher=Fox News Channel|accessdate=31 December 2012}}
22. ^{{cite book|last=Yount|first=Lisa|title=Rita Levi-Montalcini: Discoverer of Nerve Growth Factor|year=2009|publisher=Chelsea House}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2018}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mowihsp/bios/levi_montalcini.htm}}
24. ^{{cite book|last1=Wasserman|first1=Elga R.|title=The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science|date=2000|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=0-309-06568-2|page=41}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=Rita Levi-Montalcini|url=http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mig/bios/levi-montalcini.html|publisher=Washington University|accessdate=31 December 2012}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=The European Brain Research Institute in Rome|url=http://www.eni-net.org/organization/home-institutions/the-european-brain-research-institute-in-rome/|publisher=Network of European Neuroscience Institutes|accessdate=31 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724141339/http://www.eni-net.org/organization/home-institutions/the-european-brain-research-institute-in-rome/|archivedate=24 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}
27. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/463270a |pmid=20090705 |title=Self-inflicted damage.The autocratic actions of an institute's founder could destroy a centre of excellence for brain research |journal=Nature |volume=463 |pages=270 |date=21 January 2010 |issue=7279|bibcode=2010Natur.463..270. }}
28. ^{{cite journal |author=Horowitz SH |title=Ganglioside (Cronassial) therapy in diabetic neuropathy |journal=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |volume=174 |issue= |pages=593–600 |year=1984 |pmid=6377852 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-1200-0_50|series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |isbn=978-1-4684-1202-4 }}
29. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Staughton RC, Good J |title=Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a mixture of gangliosides ('Cronassial') in post-herpetic neuralgia |journal=Current Medical Research and Opinion |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=169–76 |year=1990 |pmid=2272191 |doi=10.1185/03007999009111498}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dmi.unipg.it/~mamone/univ/QUALIT.htm|title=Qualità Intellettuale|publisher=UNIPG|accessdate=16 March 2011}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dica33.it/argomenti/farmacologia/farmacovigilanza/farmacovigilanza2.asp|title=Fallimenti storici|publisher=Dica33|accessdate=16 March 2011}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://politicamolecolare.blogspot.com/2007/11/rita-levi-di-montalcini-e-i.html|title=Rita Levi Montalcini e la vicenda Cronossial|publisher=Politica Molecolare|date=November 2011|accessdate=16 March 2011}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1994/02/22/nobel-comprato-non-ne-so-nulla.html|title=Nobel comprato? Non ne so nulla|accessdate=6 June 2010}}
34. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Leon A, Buriani A, Dal Toso R, etal |title=Mast cells synthesize, store, and release nerve growth factor |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=91 |issue=9 |pages=3739–43 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8170980 |pmc=43657 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8170980 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.9.3739|bibcode=1994PNAS...91.3739L }}
35. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Aloe L, Leon A, Levi-Montalcini R |title=A proposed autacoid mechanism controlling mastocyte behaviour |journal=Agents and Actions |volume=39 Spec No |issue= |pages=C145–7 |year=1993 |pmid=7505999}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.famousscientists.org/rita-levi-montalcini/}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2007/10/sezioni/politica/napolitano-tre/mastella-storace/mastella-storace.html |title=Mastella: sì al procedimento su Storace|publisher=Repubblica|date=17 October 2007|accessdate=16 March 2011}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/04/sezioni/politica/elezioni-2008/montalcini/montalcini.html |title=Dispetto alla Montalcini al seggio|publisher=La Repubblica|date=14 April 2008|accessdate=16 March 2011}}
39. ^{{cite web |title=Rita Levi-Montalcini- Biography |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1986/levi-montalcini/auto-biography/ |website=The Nobel Prize}}
40. ^{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Ellen |title=Women in Science: Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909-2012) |url=https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/jax-blog/2017/april/rita-levi-montalcini |website=The Jackson Library}}
41. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/30/rita-levi-montalcini-biologist-dies | title=Rita Levi-Montalcini, pioneering Italian biologist, dies at 103 | date=20 December 2012 | publisher=The Guardian | access-date=29 November 2016}}
42. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/scienza/2012/12/30/morta-Rita-Levi-Montalcini_8011133.html|title=Addio al premio Nobel Rita Levi Montalcini|publisher=ANSA|date=30 December 2012|accessdate=30 December 2012}}
43. ^{{cite news|last=D'Emilio|first=Frances|title=Nobel-winning biologist Rita Levi-Montalcini dies at 103|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/50324234/ns/technology_and_science-science/#.UOFU4W9FWYc|accessdate=31 December 2012|publisher=NBC News|date=30 December 2012|agency=Associated Press}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=July 24, 2014}}
45. ^{{cite book|last=Wasserman|first=Elga|title=The Door in the Dream: Conversations With Eminent Women in Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xyt3IAAtmEIC&pg=PT61 |accessdate=30 December 2012|year=2000|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=0309086191|page=61}}
46. ^1 {{cite book|last=Yount|first=Lisa|title=A to Z of Women in Science and Math|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=428i2UdWRRAC&pg=PA174 |accessdate=30 December 2012|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=1438107951|page=174}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2018}}
47. ^1 {{cite web|title=Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/anomal/31-12-2012/123358-rita_montalcini-0/|accessdate=20 July 2013|author=Costantino Ceoldo|date=2012-12-31|quote=Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.}}
48. ^{{cite web|title=Rita Levi-Montalcini|url=http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/ordinary/levimontalcini.html|publisher=The Pontifical Academy of Sciences|accessdate=31 December 2012}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://embryo.asu.edu/view/embryo:123950|title=Rita Levi-Montalcini – The Embryo Project Encyclopedia|publisher=ASU|accessdate=30 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317221534/http://embryo.asu.edu/view/embryo:123950|archivedate=17 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1986_b_description.htm#montalcini|title=Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award: 1986 Winners|publisher=Lasker Foundation|accessdate=31 December 2012}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.units.it/ichd/|title=International Council of Human Duties|accessdate=2 January 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611074639/http://www2.units.it/ichd/|archivedate=11 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}
52. ^1 {{cite web|author=Anon|year=2015|title=Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660-2015|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml|publisher=Royal Society|location=London|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6a2i9QICV?url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml|archivedate=15 July 2015|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
53. ^{{cite web|title=Meet the Goodwill Ambassadors|url=http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-ritalevimontalcini/en/|publisher=FAO|accessdate=31 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115090746/http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-ritalevimontalcini/en/|archivedate=15 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}
54. ^{{cite news|last=Ghieth|first=Sheyam|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aL4IesctLevA&refer=europe|title=Prodi May Need Elderly Senators to Keep Government|date=13 April 2006|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=30 December 2012}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=E’ scomparsa Rita Levi Montalcini, premio Nobel per la medicina, tra i soci fondatori di Città della Scienza|url=http://www.cittadellascienza.it/notizie/scomparsa-rita-levi-montalcini-fondatori-di-citta-della-scienza/|publisher=Città della Scienza|accessdate=1 January 2013}}

Further reading

{{Refbegin|30em}}
  • {{cite journal

|last=Sandrone
|first=Stefano
|date=2013
|title=Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012)
|journal=Journal of Neurology
|volume=260
|issue=3
|pages=940–941
|doi = 10.1007/s00415-013-6864-8
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
  • {{Citation|last=Navis|first=Adam|year=2007|title=Rita Levi-Montalcini.|periodical=Embryo Project Encyclopedia.|url=http://embryo.asu.edu/view/embryo:123950|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317221534/http://embryo.asu.edu/view/embryo:123950|archivedate=17 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Aloe | first1 = L.
| title = Rita Levi-Montalcini: The discovery of nerve growth factor and modern neurobiology
| doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.05.011
| journal = Trends in Cell Biology
| volume = 14
| issue = 7
| pages = 395–399
| year = 2004
| pmid = 15246433
| pmc =
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.4065/78.12.1448
| last1 = Shampo | first1 = M. A.
| last2 = Kyle | first2 = R. A.
| title = Stamp vignette on medical science. Rita Levi-Montalcini--Nobel Prize for work in neurology
| journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings
| volume = 78
| issue = 12
| pages = 1448
| year = 2003
| pmid = 14661672
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Aloe | first1 = L.
| title = Rita Levi-Montalcini and the discovery of nerve growth factor: Past and present studies
| journal = Archives italiennes de biologie
| volume = 141
| issue = 2–3
| pages = 65–83
| year = 2003
| pmid = 12825318
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Cowan | first1 = W. M.
| doi = 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.551
| title = Viktor Hamburger Andrita Levi-Montalcini: The Path to the Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor
| journal = Annual Review of Neuroscience
| volume = 24
| pages = 551–600
| year = 2001
| pmid = 11283321
| pmc =
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.1016/S0736-5748(00)00081-2
| last1 = Provine | first1 = R. R.
| title = In the trenches with Viktor Hamburger and Rita Levi-Montalcini (1965-1974): One student's perspective
| journal = International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
| volume = 19
| issue = 2
| pages = 143–149
| year = 2001
| pmid = 11255028
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Levi-Montalcini | first1 = R.
| title = From a home-made laboratory to the Nobel Prize: An interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini
| journal = The International Journal of Developmental Biology
| volume = 44
| issue = 6
| pages = 563–566
| year = 2000
| pmid = 11061418
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82069-3
| last1 = Raju | first1 = T. N.
| title = The Nobel chronicles. 1986: Stanley Cohen (b 1922); Rita Levi-Montalcini (b 1909)
| journal = Lancet
| volume = 355
| issue = 9202
| pages = 506
| year = 2000
| pmid = 10841166
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Aloe | first1 = L.
| title = Rita Levi-Montalcini: A brief biographic view of past and present studies on nerve growth factor
| doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19990515/01)45:4/5<207::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-E
| journal = Microscopy Research and Technique
| volume = 45
| issue = 4–5
| pages = 207–209
| year = 1999
| pmid = 10383112
| pmc =
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Bendiner | first1 = E.
| title = Rita Levi-Montalcini and the unveiling of growth factors
| journal = Hospital practice (Office ed.)
| volume = 27
| issue = 4A
| pages = 135–145
| year = 1992
| pmid = 1560084
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Pécsi | first1 = T.
| title = Nobel Prize for medicine, 1986 (Rita Levi-Montalcini)
| journal = Orvosi hetilap
| volume = 128
| issue = 20
| pages = 1047–1048
| year = 1987
| pmid = 3295669
}}
  • {{Cite journal

| doi = 10.2500/108854187779045385
| last1 = Weltman | first1 = J. K.
| title = The 1986 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine awarded for discovery of growth factors: Rita Levi-Montalcini, M.D., and Stanley Cohen, Ph.D
| journal = New England and regional allergy proceedings
| volume = 8
| issue = 1
| pages = 47–48
| year = 1987
| pmid = 3302667
}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Holloway|first1=Marguerite|date=January 1993|title=Finding the Good in the Bad|journal=Scientific American|volume=268|pages=32–36|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=finding-the-good-rita-levi-montalcini}}
{{Refend}}

External links

{{commons category}}
  • Autobiography at the Nobel e-Museum
  • Interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini (dated 26 November 2008)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110317221534/http://embryo.asu.edu/view/embryo:123950 Biography of Rita Levi-Montalcini at Embryo Project Encyclopedia]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928012942/http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/myriammontalcini.htm Article in German]
  • The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
  • [https://archive.is/20120906145437/http://www.positanonews.it/dettaglio.php?id=23060 AFP Biography (dated 22 April 2009) celebrating Rita Levi-Montalcini's 100th Birthday]
  • [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/is-this-the-secret-of-eternal-life-1674005.html Is this the secret of eternal life?] (Independent article on R L-M)
  • [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italians-rally-to-condemn-nobel-bribe-allegation-professor-rejects-claim-by-civil-servant-that-a-pharmaceuticals-firm-bought-her-1986-prize-for-medicine-1394403.html Italians rally to condemn Nobel 'bribe' allegation: Professor rejects claim by civil servant that a pharmaceuticals firm 'bought' her 1986 prize for medicine]
  • An Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini (video)
  • 1979 article in Scientific American describing the discovery of nerve growth factor
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1976–2000}}{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|biological}}{{FRS 1995}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Levi-Montalcini, Rita}}

35 : 1909 births|2012 deaths|20th-century Italian scientists|20th-century women scientists|20th-century Sephardi Jews|21st-century Sephardi Jews|FAO Goodwill ambassadors|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Foreign Members of the Royal Society|Italian atheists|Italian exiles|Italian centenarians|Italian Jews|Italian Life Senators|Italian Nobel laureates|Italian neuroscientists|Italian women biologists|Jewish atheists|Jewish scientists|Jewish women scientists|Levites|Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|National Medal of Science laureates|Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine|People from Turin|Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research|Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)|Twin people from Italy|University of Turin alumni|Washington University in St. Louis faculty|Women neuroscientists|Women Nobel laureates
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/21 10:29:16