“Rita of Cascia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Saint Rita of Cascia (Born Margherita Lotti 1381 – 22 May 1457) was an Italian widow and Augustinian nun venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. Rita was a child bride, married before the age of 12. The marriage lasted for eighteen years, during which she is remembered for her Christian values as a model wife and mother who made efforts to convert her husband from his abusive behaviour. Upon the murder of her husband by another feuding family, she sought to dissuade her sons from revenge.

Rita subsequently joined an Augustinian community of religious sisters, where she was known both for practicing mortification of the flesh^[1] and for the efficacy of her prayers. Various miracles are attributed to her intercession, and she is often portrayed with a bleeding wound on her forehead, which is understood to indicate a partial stigmata.

Pope Leo XIII canonised Rita on 24 May 1900. Her feast day is celebrated on 22nd May. At her canonisation ceremony she was bestowed the title of Patroness of Impossible Causes, while in many Catholic countries, Rita came to be known to be as the patroness of abused wives and heartbroken women.

Early life

Rita (Margherita Lotti) was born in 1381 in the city of Roccaporena a small suburb of Cascia (near Spoleto, Umbria, Italy)^[2] where various sites connected with her are the focus of pilgrimages. Her parents, Antonio and Amata Ferri Lotti, were known to be noble, charitable persons, who gained the epithet Conciliatore di Cristo (English: Peacemakers of Christ).^[1]

According to pious accounts, Rita was originally pursued by a notary named Gubbio but she resisted his offer. She was married at age twelve to a nobleman named Paolo Mancini. Her parents arranged her marriage, a common practice at the time, despite her repeated requests to be allowed to enter a convent of religious sisters. Her husband, Paolo Mancini, was known to be a rich, quick-tempered, immoral man, who had many enemies in the region of Cascia. Rita had her first child at the age of twelve.

Rita endured his insults, physical abuse, and infidelities for many years. According to popular tales, through humility, kindness, and patience, Rita was able to convert her husband into a better person, more specifically renouncing a family feud known at the time as La Vendetta. Rita eventually bore two sons, Giangiacomo (Giovanni) Antonio, and Paulo Maria, and brought them up in the Christian faith. As time went by and the family feud between the Chiqui and Mancini families became more intense, Paolo Mancini became congenial, but his allies betrayed him and he was violently stabbed to death^[2] by Guido Chiqui, a member of the feuding family.

Rita gave a public pardon at Paolo's funeral to her husband's murderers.^[2] Paolo Mancini's brother, Bernardo, was said to have continued the feud and hoped to convince Rita's sons to seek revenge. Bernardo convinced Rita's sons to leave their manor and live at the Mancini villa ancestral home. As her sons grew, their characters began to change as Bernardo became their tutor. Rita's sons wished to revenge their father's murder. Rita, fearing that her sons would lose their souls, tried to persuade them from retaliating, but to no avail. Accordingly, she petitioned God to take her sons rather than submit them to possible mortal sin and murder. Her sons died of dysentery a year later, which pious Catholics believe was God's answer to her prayer, taking them by natural death rather than risk them committing a mortal sin punishable by Hell.

After the deaths of her husband and sons, Rita desired to enter the monastery of Saint Mary Magdalene in Cascia but was turned away. Although the convent acknowledged Rita's good character and piety, the nuns were afraid of being associated with her due to the scandal of her husband's violent death. However, she persisted in her cause and was given a condition before the convent could accept her: the task of reconciling her family with her husband's murderers. She implored her three patron saints (John the Baptist, Augustine of Hippo, and Nicholas of Tolentino) to assist her, and she set about the task of establishing peace between the hostile parties of Cascia.^[3] Popular religious tales recall that the bubonic plague, which ravaged Italy at the time, infected Bernardo Mancini, causing him to relinquish his desire to feud any longer with the Chiqui family. She was able to resolve the conflicts between the families and, at the age of thirty-six, was allowed to enter the monastery.^[4]

Pious Catholic legends later recount that Rita was transported into the monastery of Saint Magdalene via levitation at night into the garden courtyard by her three patron saints. She remained at the monastery, living by the Augustinian Rule, until her death from tuberculosis on 22 May 1457.^[5]

Veneration

The "Acta" or life story of Rita was compiled by the Augustinian priest, Jacob Carelicci.^[6] Rita was beatified by Pope Urban VIII in 1626.^[7] The pope's private secretary, Fausto Poli, had been born some fifteen kilometers (nine miles) from her birthplace and much of the impetus behind her cult is due to his enthusiasm. She was canonized on May 24, 1900^[1] by Pope Leo XIII. Her feast day is May 22. On the 100th anniversary of her canonization in 2000, Pope John Paul II noted her remarkable qualities as a Christian woman: "Rita interpreted well the 'feminine genius' by living it intensely in both physical and spiritual motherhood."^[8]

Rita has acquired the reputation, together with St. Jude, as a saint of impossible cases. She is also the patron saint of sterility, abuse victims, loneliness, marriage difficulties, parenthood, widows, the sick, bodily ills, and wounds.^[8]

Rita's body, which has remained incorrupt over the centuries, is venerated today in the shrine at Cascia, which bears her name.^[5] Many people visit her tomb each year from all over the world.^[7] French painter Yves Klein had been dedicated to her as an infant. In 1961, he created a Shrine of St. Rita, which is placed in Cascia Convent.^[9]

Iconography

Various religious symbols are related to Rita. She is depicted holding a thorn (symbol of her penance and stigmata), holding a large Crucifix, holding a Palm leaf with three crowns (representing her two sons and husband), flanked by two small children (her sons), holding a Gospel book, holding a skull (a symbol of mortality) and holding a flagella whip (a symbol of her mortification of the flesh).{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

The forehead wound

When Rita was approximately sixty years of age, she was meditating before an image of Christ crucified. Suddenly, a small wound appeared on her forehead, as though a thorn from the crown that encircled Christ’s head had loosened itself and penetrated her own flesh. For the next fifteen years she bore this external sign of union with Christ.

Roses

It is said that near the end of her life Rita was bedridden at the convent. While visiting her, a cousin asked if she desired anything from her old home. Rita responded by asking for a rose from the garden. It was January, and her cousin did not expect to find one due to the season. However, when her relative went to the house, a single blooming rose was found in the garden, and her cousin brought it back to Rita at the convent.^[3] St. Rita is often depicted holding roses or with roses nearby. On her feast day churches and shrines of St. Rita provide roses to the congregation that are blessed by the priest during Mass.

The Bees

In the parish church of Laarne, near Ghent, Belgium, there is a statue of Rita in which several bees are featured. This depiction originates from the story of her baptism as an infant. On the day after her baptism, her family noticed a swarm of white bees flying around her as she slept in her crib. However, the bees peacefully entered and exited her mouth without causing her any harm or injury. Instead of being alarmed for her safety, her family was mystified by this sight. According to Butler, this was taken to indicate that the career of the child was to be marked by industry, virtue, and devotion.^[4]

Legacy

A large sanctuary of Rita was built in the early 20th century in Cascia. The sanctuary and the house where she was born are among the most active pilgrimage sites of Umbria.

French singer Mireille Mathieu adopted Rita as her patron saint on the advice of her paternal grandmother. In her autobiography, Mathieu describes buying a candle for Rita using her last franc. Though Mathieu claims that her prayers did not always come true, she testifies that they inspired her to become a strong and determined woman.^[10]

In 1943, Rita of Cascia, a film based on Rita's life, was made starring Elena Zareschi. The story of Rita increased in popularity due to a 2004 film Santa Rita da Cascia, filmed in Florence, Italy.^[11] The latter film altered the facts of Rita's early life.

Rita is often credited as also being the unofficial patron saint of baseball due to a reference made to her in the 2002 film The Rookie.^[12]

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13064a.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Rita of Cascia|publisher=}}
2. ^¹²DiGregorio OSA, Michael. The Precious Pearl/The Story of Saint Rita of Cascia, National Shrine of St. Rita of Cascia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
3. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://st-rita.org/the-story-of-st-rita-of-cascia/|title=The Story of St. Rita of Cascia|publisher=}}
4. ^¹St. Rita di Cascia from Fr. Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints
5. ^¹Rotelle, John. Book of Augustinian Saints, Augustinian Press, 2000
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/arquidiocesis_morelia/docs/sanisidro|title=San Isdiro Labrador|author=Arquidiócesis de Morelia|work=Issuu}}
7. ^¹Foley O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media {{ISBN|978-0-86716-887-7}}
8. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=464|title=ST. RITA OF CASCIA :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)|work=Catholic News Agency}}
9. ^Weitemeier, Hannah, Yves Klein, Taschen, Köln 2001, S. 70–71, {{ISBN|3-8228-5643-6}}
10. ^Mathieu, Mireille; Cartier, Jacqueline. Oui Je Crois. First Edition, Paris: Robert Laffont Publisher, 1988
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.christianfilmdatabase.com/review/rita-da-cascia-saint-rita/|title=Saint Rita (Rita da Cascia)|work=Christian Movies All in One Place, Easy to Find! CFDb!}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://crzblue.mlblogs.com/2011/06/03/patron-saint-of-baseball/|title=Patron Saint of Baseball|work=Dodger Blue World}}

词条	Rita of Cascia
释义	Early life Veneration Iconography The forehead wound Roses The Bees Legacy References External links {{short description\|15th-century Italian Augustinian nun and saint}}{{Redirect\|Saint Rita\|the 2004 biographical film\|Saint Rita (film)}}{{Infobox saint \|name=Saint Rita of Cascia \|birth_date=1381 \|death_date={{Death date\|1457\|5\|22\|mf=y}} \|feast_day=May 22 \|venerated_in=Roman Catholic Church Aglipayan Church \|image=Santa Rita Cascia.jpg \|imagesize=300px \|caption=Patron Saint of the Impossible, abused wives and widows \|birth_place=Roccaporena, Perugia, Umbria, Italy \|death_place=Cascia, Perugia, Umbria, Italy \|titles=Mother, Widow, Stigmatist, Consecrated Religious \|beatified_date= 1626 \|beatified_by=Pope Urban VIII \|canonized_date=May 24, 1900 \|canonized_place=Vatican City, Rome \|canonized_by=Pope Leo XIII \|attributes=Forehead wound, Rose, Bees, grape vine \|patronage=Lost and impossible causes, sickness, wounds, marital problems, abuse, mothers \|major_shrine=Cascia, Italy \|suppressed_date= \|issues=Spousal abuse, Feud, Family honor, Loneliness \|prayer= }} Saint Rita of Cascia (Born Margherita Lotti 1381 – 22 May 1457) was an Italian widow and Augustinian nun venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. Rita was a child bride, married before the age of 12. The marriage lasted for eighteen years, during which she is remembered for her Christian values as a model wife and mother who made efforts to convert her husband from his abusive behaviour. Upon the murder of her husband by another feuding family, she sought to dissuade her sons from revenge. Rita subsequently joined an Augustinian community of religious sisters, where she was known both for practicing mortification of the flesh^[1] and for the efficacy of her prayers. Various miracles are attributed to her intercession, and she is often portrayed with a bleeding wound on her forehead, which is understood to indicate a partial stigmata. Pope Leo XIII canonised Rita on 24 May 1900. Her feast day is celebrated on 22nd May. At her canonisation ceremony she was bestowed the title of Patroness of Impossible Causes, while in many Catholic countries, Rita came to be known to be as the patroness of abused wives and heartbroken women. Early life Rita (Margherita Lotti) was born in 1381 in the city of Roccaporena a small suburb of Cascia (near Spoleto, Umbria, Italy)^[2] where various sites connected with her are the focus of pilgrimages. Her parents, Antonio and Amata Ferri Lotti, were known to be noble, charitable persons, who gained the epithet Conciliatore di Cristo (English: Peacemakers of Christ).^[1] According to pious accounts, Rita was originally pursued by a notary named Gubbio but she resisted his offer. She was married at age twelve to a nobleman named Paolo Mancini. Her parents arranged her marriage, a common practice at the time, despite her repeated requests to be allowed to enter a convent of religious sisters. Her husband, Paolo Mancini, was known to be a rich, quick-tempered, immoral man, who had many enemies in the region of Cascia. Rita had her first child at the age of twelve. Rita endured his insults, physical abuse, and infidelities for many years. According to popular tales, through humility, kindness, and patience, Rita was able to convert her husband into a better person, more specifically renouncing a family feud known at the time as La Vendetta. Rita eventually bore two sons, Giangiacomo (Giovanni) Antonio, and Paulo Maria, and brought them up in the Christian faith. As time went by and the family feud between the Chiqui and Mancini families became more intense, Paolo Mancini became congenial, but his allies betrayed him and he was violently stabbed to death^[2] by Guido Chiqui, a member of the feuding family. Rita gave a public pardon at Paolo's funeral to her husband's murderers.^[2] Paolo Mancini's brother, Bernardo, was said to have continued the feud and hoped to convince Rita's sons to seek revenge. Bernardo convinced Rita's sons to leave their manor and live at the Mancini villa ancestral home. As her sons grew, their characters began to change as Bernardo became their tutor. Rita's sons wished to revenge their father's murder. Rita, fearing that her sons would lose their souls, tried to persuade them from retaliating, but to no avail. Accordingly, she petitioned God to take her sons rather than submit them to possible mortal sin and murder. Her sons died of dysentery a year later, which pious Catholics believe was God's answer to her prayer, taking them by natural death rather than risk them committing a mortal sin punishable by Hell. After the deaths of her husband and sons, Rita desired to enter the monastery of Saint Mary Magdalene in Cascia but was turned away. Although the convent acknowledged Rita's good character and piety, the nuns were afraid of being associated with her due to the scandal of her husband's violent death. However, she persisted in her cause and was given a condition before the convent could accept her: the task of reconciling her family with her husband's murderers. She implored her three patron saints (John the Baptist, Augustine of Hippo, and Nicholas of Tolentino) to assist her, and she set about the task of establishing peace between the hostile parties of Cascia.^[3] Popular religious tales recall that the bubonic plague, which ravaged Italy at the time, infected Bernardo Mancini, causing him to relinquish his desire to feud any longer with the Chiqui family. She was able to resolve the conflicts between the families and, at the age of thirty-six, was allowed to enter the monastery.^[4] Pious Catholic legends later recount that Rita was transported into the monastery of Saint Magdalene via levitation at night into the garden courtyard by her three patron saints. She remained at the monastery, living by the Augustinian Rule, until her death from tuberculosis on 22 May 1457.^[5] Veneration The "Acta" or life story of Rita was compiled by the Augustinian priest, Jacob Carelicci.^[6] Rita was beatified by Pope Urban VIII in 1626.^[7] The pope's private secretary, Fausto Poli, had been born some fifteen kilometers (nine miles) from her birthplace and much of the impetus behind her cult is due to his enthusiasm. She was canonized on May 24, 1900^[1] by Pope Leo XIII. Her feast day is May 22. On the 100th anniversary of her canonization in 2000, Pope John Paul II noted her remarkable qualities as a Christian woman: "Rita interpreted well the 'feminine genius' by living it intensely in both physical and spiritual motherhood."^[8] Rita has acquired the reputation, together with St. Jude, as a saint of impossible cases. She is also the patron saint of sterility, abuse victims, loneliness, marriage difficulties, parenthood, widows, the sick, bodily ills, and wounds.^[8] Rita's body, which has remained incorrupt over the centuries, is venerated today in the shrine at Cascia, which bears her name.^[5] Many people visit her tomb each year from all over the world.^[7] French painter Yves Klein had been dedicated to her as an infant. In 1961, he created a Shrine of St. Rita, which is placed in Cascia Convent.^[9] Iconography Various religious symbols are related to Rita. She is depicted holding a thorn (symbol of her penance and stigmata), holding a large Crucifix, holding a Palm leaf with three crowns (representing her two sons and husband), flanked by two small children (her sons), holding a Gospel book, holding a skull (a symbol of mortality) and holding a flagella whip (a symbol of her mortification of the flesh).{{citation needed\|date=November 2015}} The forehead wound When Rita was approximately sixty years of age, she was meditating before an image of Christ crucified. Suddenly, a small wound appeared on her forehead, as though a thorn from the crown that encircled Christ’s head had loosened itself and penetrated her own flesh. For the next fifteen years she bore this external sign of union with Christ. Roses It is said that near the end of her life Rita was bedridden at the convent. While visiting her, a cousin asked if she desired anything from her old home. Rita responded by asking for a rose from the garden. It was January, and her cousin did not expect to find one due to the season. However, when her relative went to the house, a single blooming rose was found in the garden, and her cousin brought it back to Rita at the convent.^[3] St. Rita is often depicted holding roses or with roses nearby. On her feast day churches and shrines of St. Rita provide roses to the congregation that are blessed by the priest during Mass. The Bees In the parish church of Laarne, near Ghent, Belgium, there is a statue of Rita in which several bees are featured. This depiction originates from the story of her baptism as an infant. On the day after her baptism, her family noticed a swarm of white bees flying around her as she slept in her crib. However, the bees peacefully entered and exited her mouth without causing her any harm or injury. Instead of being alarmed for her safety, her family was mystified by this sight. According to Butler, this was taken to indicate that the career of the child was to be marked by industry, virtue, and devotion.^[4] Legacy A large sanctuary of Rita was built in the early 20th century in Cascia. The sanctuary and the house where she was born are among the most active pilgrimage sites of Umbria. French singer Mireille Mathieu adopted Rita as her patron saint on the advice of her paternal grandmother. In her autobiography, Mathieu describes buying a candle for Rita using her last franc. Though Mathieu claims that her prayers did not always come true, she testifies that they inspired her to become a strong and determined woman.^[10] In 1943, Rita of Cascia, a film based on Rita's life, was made starring Elena Zareschi. The story of Rita increased in popularity due to a 2004 film Santa Rita da Cascia, filmed in Florence, Italy.^[11] The latter film altered the facts of Rita's early life. Rita is often credited as also being the unofficial patron saint of baseball due to a reference made to her in the 2002 film The Rookie.^[12] References 1. ^¹²{{cite web\|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13064a.htm\|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Rita of Cascia\|publisher=}} 2. ^¹²DiGregorio OSA, Michael. The Precious Pearl/The Story of Saint Rita of Cascia, National Shrine of St. Rita of Cascia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3. ^¹{{cite web\|url=http://st-rita.org/the-story-of-st-rita-of-cascia/\|title=The Story of St. Rita of Cascia\|publisher=}} 4. ^¹St. Rita di Cascia from Fr. Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints 5. ^¹Rotelle, John. Book of Augustinian Saints, Augustinian Press, 2000 6. ^{{cite web\|url=http://issuu.com/arquidiocesis_morelia/docs/sanisidro\|title=San Isdiro Labrador\|author=Arquidiócesis de Morelia\|work=Issuu}} 7. ^¹Foley O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media {{ISBN\|978-0-86716-887-7}} 8. ^¹{{cite web\|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=464\|title=ST. RITA OF CASCIA :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)\|work=Catholic News Agency}} 9. ^Weitemeier, Hannah, Yves Klein, Taschen, Köln 2001, S. 70–71, {{ISBN\|3-8228-5643-6}} 10. ^Mathieu, Mireille; Cartier, Jacqueline. Oui Je Crois. First Edition, Paris: Robert Laffont Publisher, 1988 11. ^{{cite web\|url=http://www.christianfilmdatabase.com/review/rita-da-cascia-saint-rita/\|title=Saint Rita (Rita da Cascia)\|work=Christian Movies All in One Place, Easy to Find! CFDb!}} 12. ^{{cite web\|url=http://crzblue.mlblogs.com/2011/06/03/patron-saint-of-baseball/\|title=Patron Saint of Baseball\|work=Dodger Blue World}} External links Sanctuary of Saint Rita in Cascia, Italy Society of Saint Rita in Roccaporena, Italy {{cite web \| url = https://digilander.libero.it/raxdi/inglese/index.htm \| title = Saint Rita of Cascia: advocate of the impossible cases \| website = Invisible Monastery of charity and fraternity – Christian family prayer \| language = en \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016153759/https://digilander.libero.it/raxdi/inglese/index.htm \| archive-date = Oct 16, 2007 \| deadurl = no}} {{Find a Grave\|8810459}} {{subject bar\|porta1=Saints\|commons=y}}{{Authority control}} 12 : 1381 births\|1457 deaths\|Augustinian nuns\|Augustinian saints\|Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns\|Women of medieval Italy\|People from the Province of Perugia\|15th-century Christian saints\|15th-century Italian women\|Incorrupt saints\|Stigmatics\|Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
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