“Halloween solar storms, 2003”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Halloween solar storms were a series of solar flares and coronal mass ejections that occurred from mid-October to early November 2003, peaking around October 28–29.^[1]^[2]^[3] This series of storms generated the largest solar flare ever recorded by the GOES system, modeled as strong as X45 (initially estimated at X28 due to saturation of GOES' detectors).^[4]^[5] Satellite-based systems and communications were affected, aircraft were advised to avoid high altitudes near the polar regions,^[6] and a one-hour-long power outage occurred in Sweden as a result of the solar activity.^[2] Aurorae were observed at latitudes as far south as Texas^[2] and the Mediterranean countries of Europe.^[6]

The SOHO satellite failed temporarily, and the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) was damaged by the solar activity.^[2] Numerous other spacecraft were damaged or experienced downtime due to various issues. Some of them were intentionally put into safe mode in order to protect sensitive equipment.^[6] Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) had to stay inside the more shielded parts of the Russian Orbital Segment to protect themselves against the increased radiation levels.^[7] Both the Ulysses spacecraft which was near Jupiter at the time, and Cassini, approaching Saturn, were able to detect the emissions. In April 2004, Voyager 2 was also able to detect them as they reached the spacecraft.^[7] One of the solar storms was compared by some scientists in its intensity to the Carrington Event of 1859.^[8]

These events occurred during solar cycle 23, approximately three years after its peak in 2000, which was marked by another occurrence of solar activity known as the Bastille Day Flare.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|title=The Magnetic Storm of Halloween 2003|url=http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/the-magnetic-storm-of-halloween-2003-2/|accessdate=15 May 2014|newspaper=United States Geological Survey: Science Features|date=15 October 2013}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite news|title=NASA - Halloween Storms of 2003 Still the Scariest|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/halloween_storms.html#.U3TQ_yj9wjI|accessdate=15 May 2014|newspaper=NASA/SOHO|date=27 October 2008}}
3. ^{{cite book |last = Balch |first = Christopher |display-authors = et al |title = Service Assessment: Intense Space Weather Storms October 19 – November 07, 2003 |publisher = Department of Commerce |series = NOAA Technical Memorandum |date = 2004 |location = Silver Spring, MD |url = https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/SWstorms_assessment.pdf}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=2003 Halloween solar storms, sunspot region 2192|url=https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/46/20141028-2003-halloween-solar-storms-sunspot-region-2192|accessdate=9 August 2017|publisher=SpaceWeatherLive.com|date=28 October 2014}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Biggest ever solar flare was even bigger than thought|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=13844|accessdate=9 August 2017|publisher=American Geophysical Union|website=SpaceRef.com|date=15 March 2004}}
6. ^¹²{{cite book|title=NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR SEC-88: HALLOWEEN SPACE WEATHER STORMS OF 2003|date=June 2004|publisher=NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research|location=Boulder, Colorado|url=http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/Services/HalloweenStorms_assessment.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172705/http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/Services/HalloweenStorms_assessment.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-28|df=}}
7. ^¹{{cite news|last=Levin|first=Eric|title=2003 Halloween Storms Still Rock Solar System|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jan/halloween-storms-rock-solar-system|accessdate=15 May 2014|newspaper=Discover|date=2 January 2005}}
8. ^{{cite journal |last = Cid |first = Consuelo |author2=E. Saiz |author3=A. Guerrero |author4=J. Palacios |author5=Y. Cerrato |title = A Carrington-like Geomagnetic Storm Observed in the 21st Century |journal = J. Space Weather Space Clim. |volume = 5 |issue = A16 |date = 2015 |doi = 10.1051/swsc/2015017 |arxiv = 1505.07028 |bibcode = 2015JSWSC...5A..16C }}