| 词条 | Hama Governorate clashes (2011–12) |
| 释义 |
|conflict =2011–2012 Hama Governorate clashes |partof =the Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War |image = |caption = |date = 1 September 2011 - 14 April 2012 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=09|day1=01|year1=2011|month2=04|day2=14|year2=2012}}) |place =Hama Governorate |result = Temporary nation-wide cease-fire
|coordinates = |map_type = |latitude = |longitude = |map_size = |map_caption = |map_label = |territory = |status = |combatant1={{flagicon|Syria|1932}} Syrian opposition
|combatant2={{flagicon|Syria}} Syrian Ba'athist government
|commander1 = |commander2 = |units1 = Unknown |units2 = |strength1 = 12,000 protesters and fighters |strength2 = 3,000 soldiers |casualties1 = 1,403 opposition protesters and FSA fighters killed*[1] |casualties2 = 120 killed[2][3][4][5][6] |notes =*number includes civilians |campaignbox ={{Campaignbox Syrian civil war}} }} The Hama Governorate clashes were a series of incidents of fighting during late 2011 and early 2012 in the Syrian Governorate of Hama, as part of the Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War. 2011SeptemberThe Attorney General of the Hama Governorate announced his resignation on 1 September in response to the government crackdown on protests. The government claimed he had been kidnapped and forced to lie at gunpoint.[7] NovemberOn 14 November, SANA, state controlled media, reported that 13 soldiers were killed in Hama.[8] By 17 November, the protests seemed to have calmed down, and the city was under government control. The streets were still littered with burnt out vehicles and police checkpoints were dotted around the city, despite the return to relative clam[9] However, the same day, security forces carried out raids on homes looking for military defectors and made arrests.[10] DecemberOn 9 December, Hama saw the largest anti government protests in the city since August.[11] At least six members of the security forces were reported killed in Hama on 11 December in clashes with the opposition. Syrian authorities claimed to have arrested a suspected terrorist who was trying to plant a bomb near a residential building.[5] There were also reports that several civilians had been shot, although it was not specified whether they were wounded or killed.[12] Loyalist soldiers reportedly fired upon a civilian car on 14 December, killing five people, in response, the Free Syrian Army staged an ambush against a loyalist convoy consisting of four jeeps, killing eight soldiers.[13] Pro Assad forces stormed the city on 14 December in an effort to put down the protests, resulting in at least ten civilian fatalities. Clashes broke out when the Free Syrian Army attempted to halt the incursion, and at least two armoured vehicles were disabled by the rebels during a battle at Hadid Bridge.[14] Activists said that tanks opened fire with machineguns and troops burnt shops that adhered to the oppositions strike.[15] Soldiers shot six protests to death, on 29 December, as Arab League monitors arrived in the city.[16] 2012JanuaryNine protesters in Hama were killed by security forces gunfire on 7 January 2012.[17] On 7 January 2012, Colonel Afeef Mahmoud Suleima of the Syrian Air Force logistics division defected from Bashar al-Assads government along with at least fifty of his men, and announced his defection on live television and ordered his men to protect protesters in the city of Hama. "We are from the army and we have defected because the government is killing civilian protesters. The Syrian army attacked Hama with heavy weapons, air raids and heavy fire from tanks...We ask the Arab League observers to come visit areas affected by air raids and attacks so you can see the damage with your own eyes, and we ask you to send someone to uncover the three cemeteries in Hama filled with more than 460 corpses." Colonel Suleima said in a statement.[18] On 25 January, Syrian army troops raided opposition controlled districts Bab Qebli, Hamidiyeh and Malaab killing at least 7 people, reportedly using artillery and sniper fire in the process.[19] At least 17 bodies were found with bullet wounds to the head on 28 January, which activists claim had been caused by Pro government forces when they launched an armoured raid into the city. At least one of those executed was a police deserter.[20] By late January 2012 activists said that four neighbourhoods in Hama were under opposition control.[21] FebruaryAccording to Reuters, five government troops were killed "in clashes with rebel fighters in Qalaat al-Madyaq town in restive Hama area".[22] Activists state that 10 FSA fighters were killed by the Syrian army in Kafr Nabudah in the Hama province.[23] According to Syrian state TV, gunmen clashed with soldiers, causing the death of an officer and a sergeant and the injury of a corporal.[24] On 15 February, five soldiers were killed and nine were wounded during fighting with army deserters at Qalaat al-Madiq, in the central province of Hama.[25] On 28 February 2012, government forces shelled a town in Hama Province, Halfaya, killing 20 civilian villagers. Activists said the 20 deaths of Sunni Muslim villagers there were among at least 100 killed in the province in the last two weeks in government revenge attacks against innocent civilians.[26] MarchBy 27 March, the opposition had been controlling towns such as Qalaat al-Madiq and surrounding villages in Hama Province. Qalaat al-Madiq, a town with a historic castle that was shelled in the fighting was shelled by heavy barrages for 17 days. The army stormed the town with tanks. 4 civilians, 5 opposition fighters and 4 soldiers were said to have been killed but the group that reported this said that the army was still not in control of the town.[27] Aftermath{{Main|2012 Hama massacre|Battle of Tremseh}}Between the end of March and April, killings of soldiers in Hama continued.[28][29][30] In April, there was a major explosion in an opposition-held Hama neighbourhood, although its cause and casualty figures were disputed: state media reported 16 people killed after “an explosive device went off while a terrorist group were setting it up in a house which was used to make explosives”; opposition activists said 70 civilians were massacred when a row of cement shanty homes collapsed following intense government shelling.[31] The Syrian army engaged in heavy artillery shelling in Hama's suburbs.[32] The clashes in Hama started after the rebels attacked government military checkpoints. According to opposition claims, after the military reportedly suffered four dead, the government troops started to shell residential areas, killing 30-37 civilians.[33][34] A massacre of some 78 people occurred in the small village of Al-Qubeir near Hama on 6 June 2012. Many of the victims were women and children, as they were in the previous Houla massacre in the Homs region.[35][36][37] State media claimed three rebels were killed by the Syrian army on 30 June. State media also stated that a rebel group led by Firas Imad al-Taa'meh had been decimated during clashes with the Army.[38] On 7 July, the state media claimed at least two rebels were killed when they tried to attack an army patrol[39] On 13 July, in Tremseh near Hama was bombarded by helicopter gunships and tanks and then stormed by militiamen who carried out execution-style killings; opposition activists said Assad forces killed more than 200, while State media blamed "terrorists".[40] On 29 July, the state media claimed at least 5 rebels were killed in a clash with the army in the Hama countryside.[41] In September-October, the opposition-held Masha al-Arb'een neighborhood, Hama, was demolished by government forces, with 40 acres razed.[42] On 5 November, the Syrian Observatory and FSA fighters claimed that 50 government soldiers were killed when Islamist rebels from Jabhat al-Nusra bombed a checkpoint near Hama. If true, it would be one of the deadliest single attacks of the war.[43] On 18 December, rebels fighters took control of the town of Halfaya near Hama.[44] References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.syrianshuhada.com |title=Syrian Martyrs |accessdate=14 June 2012}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hama Governorate clashes (2011-2012)}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/18/177893.html |title=Scores killed as Syria requests change to Arab plan; Russia calls for ‘restraint’ |publisher=English.alarabiya.net |date=18 November 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125130121/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/18/177893.html |archive-date=25 January 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/25/179163.html |title=More civilians killed by Syrian forces; U.N. voices alarm at torture of children |publisher=English.alarabiya.net |date=25 November 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216031915/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/25/179163.html |archive-date=16 February 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-15809269 |title=BBC News - Assad says Syria will not bow down to 'pressure' |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=20 November 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2012}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nbcmontana.com/news/29971401/detail.html |title=Syrian Opposition: Bloodbath Could Be Imminent In Homs - News Story - NBCMontana NBC Montana |publisher=Nbcmontana.com |date=11 December 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2012 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 6. ^{{cite news|last=Evans |first=Dominic |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/14/us-syria-idUSTRE7B90F520111214 |title=Syrian troops storm Hama to break anti-Assad strike |publisher=Reuters |date= 14 December 2011|accessdate=27 March 2012}} 7. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14738385 | work=BBC News | title=Syria unrest: Hama legal chief 'resigns over killings' | date=1 September 2011}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/1105/1224307106510.html |title=At least nine dead in Syria as regime pledges to free prisoners - The Irish Times - Sat, Nov 05, 2011 |publisher=The Irish Times |date=5 November 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2012}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-11/18/c_131253885.htm |title=Syria's unrest-hit Hama gradually recovers from violence |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}} 10. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15785495 | work=BBC News | title=Syria: 'Mass detentions and beatings' in Hama | date=17 November 2011}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dp-news.com/en/detail.aspx?articleid=104954 |title=Syria`s Regime & another Friday Protests |work=DayPress|date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-11/yemen-forms-government-as-egypt-s-military-retreats-politically.html |title=Yemen Forms Government as Egypt’s Military Retreats Politically |publisher=Businessweek |date=11 December 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418061400/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-11/yemen-forms-government-as-egypt-s-military-retreats-politically.html |archivedate=18 April 2012 }} 13. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/14/us-syria-idUSTRE7B90F520111214?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&rpc=71 |title=Syrian troops storm Hama to break anti-Assad strike |agency=Reuters |date=14 December 2011 |accessdate=14 December 2011}} 14. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-15/syrian-army-attacks-hama/3732050/?site=newcastle/|agency=ABC News |date=15 December 2011 |accessdate=2 March 2012 |title=Syrian army attacks Hama}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/12/15/worldupdates/2011-12-14T221824Z_31_TRE7B90FP_RTROPTT_0_UK-SYRIA&sec=Worldupdates |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219044043/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/12/15/worldupdates/2011-12-14T221824Z_31_TRE7B90FP_RTROPTT_0_UK-SYRIA&sec=Worldupdates |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 February 2013 |title=Syrian troops storm Hama to break anti-Assad strike |publisher=Thestar.com.my |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012 }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/12/2011122944024838879.html |title=Violence and doubts mar Syria monitor mission |publisher=Aljazeera.com |date= |accessdate=27 March 2012}} 17. ^{{cite news|author=Gordon Corera |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16437865 |title=Syria unrest: Damascus blast and clashes kill many |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=7 January 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2012}} 18. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/20121772734954345.html |title=Scores more soldiers defect from Syrian army |date=7 January 2012 |accessdate=7 January 2012 |agency=Al Jazeera}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/25/syria-troops-hama_n_1230712.html?&ncid=edlinkusaolp00000008 |title=Syria Troops Storm Central City Of Hama |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= 25 January 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012 |first=Eline |last=Gordts}} 20. ^{{cite news|last=Yacoub |first=Khaled |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/28/us-syria-killings-hama-idUSTRE80R0B020120128 |title=Bodies of 17 prisoners found in Syrian city |publisher=Reuters |date= 28 January 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/syria-jan-28-2012-2019 |title=AJE live blog |publisher=Blogs.aljazeera.net |date=28 January 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2012}} 22. ^{{cite news|last=Solomon |first=Erika |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/14/us-syria-idUSL5E8DB0BH20120214 |title=Conflict flares across Syria, Arabs mull arms support |publisher=Reuters |date= 14 February 2012|accessdate=27 March 2012}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iGJYcNp64-e40mUkvwkJUTBzuy7g?docId=CNG.b06068ebc1a695160e22fc5b3deb3e37.e1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906100958/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iGJYcNp64-e40mUkvwkJUTBzuy7g?docId=CNG.b06068ebc1a695160e22fc5b3deb3e37.e1 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=6 September 2012 |title=AFP: UN General Assembly condemns Syria crackdown |publisher=Google.com |date=16 February 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2012 }} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/02/20/401539.htm |title=Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news :: |publisher=Sana.sy |date=20 February 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223011541/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/02/20/401539.htm |archivedate=23 February 2012 }} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://bigpondnews.com/articles/World/2012/02/15/Nineteen_dead_in_Homs_Al-Atareb_clashes_718498.html|title=World|publisher=|accessdate=25 October 2014}} 26. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/28/syria-journalists-escape_n_1306010.html |title=Syria Violence: Wounded Journalists Escape, Military Pounds Opposition Areas |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=28 February 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2012 |first=Ryan |last=Craggs}} 27. ^[https://montrealgazette.com/news/Syrian+forces+storm+central+town/6371801/story.html Syrian forces storm central town] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 28. ^2 Syrian colonels killed in attack in central city 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/syria-apr-23-2012-1801|title=Syria - Apr 23, 2012 - 18:01|work=Al Jazeera Blogs|accessdate=25 October 2014}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/04/21/413778.htm |accessdate=25 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621045552/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/04/21/413778.htm |archivedate=21 June 2012 }} 31. ^AZMAT KHAN [Blast in Hama, Opposition Stronghold, Disrupts Fragile Syrian Ceasefire http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/rocket-attack-in-hama-opposition-stronghold-disrupts-fragile-syrian-ceasefire/], PBS, 26 April 2012 32. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/27/us-syria-hama-idUSBRE84Q0CS20120527 |title=Shelling on Syria opposition center kills 30: activists |publisher=Reuters |date= 27 May 2012|accessdate=28 May 2012}} 33. ^Syria's Hama bears brunt as 90 killed Sunday: NGO 34. ^Syrian bombardment of Hama kills 41: opposition 35. ^Gun battles rage in streets of Damascus – Middle East. Al Jazeera English (8 June 2012). Retrieved on 10 June 2012. 36. ^{{cite news|last=Chulov|first=Martin|title=Syrian regime troops and militiamen 'seen walking towards massacre site'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/07/syria-regime-troops-militiamen-massacre|accessdate=8 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 June 2012}} 37. ^{{cite news|last=Karam|first=Zeina|title=Regime Denies Violence|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/07/hama-massacre-syrian-violence-mazraat-al-qubair_n_1576969.html|accessdate=7 June 2012|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=9 June 2012|agency=AP}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/06/30/428491.htm |accessdate=20 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031030154/http://sana.sy/eng/337/2012/06/30/428491.htm |archivedate=31 October 2012 }} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/07/08/429868.htm |accessdate=3 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031004926/http://sana.sy/eng/337/2012/07/08/429868.htm |archivedate=31 October 2012 }} 40. ^https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/13/syria-hama-massacre-live 41. ^http://208.43.232.81/eng/337/2012/07/29/433613.htm{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 42. ^https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/01/30/razed-ground/syrias-unlawful-neighborhood-demolitions-2012-2013 43. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/06/world/middleeast/Syria.html?_r=2&|title=Dozens Are Killed in a Fierce Outburst of Syrian Violence|last=MacFarquhar|first=Neil|date=5 November 2012|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=3 December 2012|location=Beirut}} 44. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20766628 | work=BBC News | title=Syria rebels make further gains | date=18 December 2012}} 6 : Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2011|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2012|Hama Governorate in the Syrian Civil War|Hama Governorate|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Syrian government|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Free Syrian Army |
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