| 词条 | River Lune | |||
| 释义 |
| name = River Lune | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = View from Carlisle Bridge.jpg | image_size = 270 | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = England | subdivision_type2 = Counties | subdivision_name2 = Cumbria, Lancashire | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|85.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = Newbiggin-on-Lune, Ravenstonedale, Cumbria | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|238|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = Plover Scar, Lancaster, Lancashire | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|53|59|6|N|2|52|39|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} The River Lune (archaically sometimes Loyne) is a river {{Convert|53|mi|km}} in length[1] in Cumbria and Lancashire, England. SpringsThe river begins as a stream at Newbiggin,[2] in the parish of Ravenstonedale, Cumbria, at St. Helen's Well (elevation of 238 metres above sea level) and some neighbouring springs. On the first two miles of its course, it is joined by four streams, two of them as short as itself, but two much longer. These are the Bessy Beck (short), the Dry Beck of 4.9 kilometres' (three miles) length at {{convert|0.32|mi}} from St. Helen's Well, the Sandwath Beck (short) at {{convert|0.37|mi}}, and the Weasdale Beck (5.58 km = 3½ mls) at 1.6 miles from the well.[3][4][5] Weasdale Beck is the uppermost headwater of River Lune recorded in Environment Agency's Catchment Data Explorer.[6] Course and valleysIt then passes the remnants of a Roman fort near Low Borrowbridge at the foot of Borrowdale, and flows through south Cumbria, meeting the Irish Sea at Plover Scar near Lancaster, after a total journey of about {{convert|53|mi}}.[7][8][9][10] The valley of the Lune has three parts. The northern part between its source and Tebay is called Lunesdale. Below this is the spectacular Lune Gorge through which both the M6 motorway and the West Coast Main Railway Line run. Below the gorge, the valley broadens out into Lonsdale. Bridges over the Lune include the Devil's Bridge near Kirkby Lonsdale and the Lune Millennium Bridge in Lancaster. At Caton, about {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} upstream from Lancaster, there is a cluster of three bridges (one stone road bridge and two disused iron rail bridges now used as foot/cyclepaths) at the Crook o' Lune. Here in a 180-degree right-hand bend the Lune turns back on itself; this is followed by a 90-degree left-hand bend forming the shape of a shepherd's crook and creating a beauty spot which was painted by J. M. W. Turner.[11] The M6 motorway crosses the Lune near Tebay and Halton-on-Lune;[12] in 2015 it was joined by the Heysham to M6 Link Road.[13] The Ingleton branch line, a railway operational between 1861 and 1967, followed the Lue between Tebay and Kirkby Lonsdale, crossing the river twice on viaducts which still stand.[14] EstuaryNear the end of the non-tidal reach of the river stands the Lune Aqueduct, which carries the Lancaster Canal. The Lune is now tidal only below Skerton Weir in Lancaster. Four bridges in close proximity cross the estuary in Lancaster: Skerton Bridge (road), Greyhound Bridge (built as rail but now carries a road), Lune Millennium Bridge (pedestrian and cycle) and Carlisle Bridge (carrying the West Coast Main Line railway, and with a public walkway on the eastern side) which is the furthest downstream of the bridges. This part of the Lune is also the site of the old Port of Lancaster, probably a port from Roman times; the Lancaster Port Commission was established in 1750[15] to improve navigation on the estuary. Between 1750 and 1767, St George's Quay and New Quay were built in Lancaster and in 1779 the port facilities were extended closer to the Irish Sea at Glasson Dock. In 1847 the Commissioners built a pair of lighthouses near Cockersand Abbey to help guide ships into the port. The lower lighthouse, known as the Plover Scar Lighthouse, (sometimes called Abbey lighthouse) still stands on Plover Scar, and it remains operational. The old high light, a square wooden tower, was demolished in 1954; but the former keepers' cottage, built alongside the high light, can still be seen.[16] Lancaster (and hence also Lancashire) is named after the Lune. The name of the ancient hundred of Lonsdale is also derived from the river. The river is a County Biological Heritage Site. EtymologyThere are these theories about the name "Lune":
In Literature{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/Vale of Lonsdale|'The Vale of Lonsdale, a poem by L. E. L.}}An engraving entitled 'The Vale of Lonsdale' appears in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832 together with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon. The plate shows Ingleborough in the background. GalleryTributariesRescue incidents & agenciesThe river Lune over the years has been subject to many rescue incidents, some fatal. The majority of incidents occur below Skerton Weir in the tidal area, or around the weir itself. HM Coastguard have operational Primacy over incidents up to the high water mark, with their nearest team based in Morecambe. Flanking teams at Knott End and Arnside will often assist. Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service Fire appliance at Lancaster maintains a water rescue service, with specially trained swiftwater rescue personnel. The nearest Fire service boat is based at Preston Fire station and this is often called to assist the swiftwater rescue personnel in carrying out rescues or providing safety cover for the crews. In 2018 Lancaster Area Search and Rescue established themselves within the city. Part of the Surf Lifesaving Great Britain (SLSGB) family, their main role is to provide water rescue personnel and resources to flood and other water incidents within the Lancaster district at times when the statutory services require assistance. The team is equipped with rescue sleds and a powered inflatable boat for use on the river. The RNLI can also be seen on the river fairly regularly, including both the D class and their Hovercraft, The Hurley Flyer. Rather than transit to scene from the Lifeboat station, the RNLI will often drive to the scene, often launching at Snatchems Golden Ball pub. Notes{{commons category|River Lune}}1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gpsies.com/map.do?fileId=jdfxtudxszhgfvrq|title=GPS Strecke Ravenstonedale - River_Lune_-_St-Helens_Well_to... - GPSies|first=|last=ulamm|date=|website=GPSies.com|accessdate=10 April 2018}} {{Rivers of Lancashire}}{{City of Lancaster geography}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lune}}2. ^Cumbria directory, short description of Newbeggin-on-Lune 3. ^Magic.gov.uk, Newbeggin with St. Helen's Well, River Lune, Bessy Beck, Dry Beck and Sandwath Beck 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gpsies.com/map.do?fileId=lbzhtixejliffgen|title=GPS Strecke Ravenstonedale - Dry_Beck - GPSies|first=|last=ulamm|date=|website=GPSies.com|accessdate=10 April 2018}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gpsies.com/map.do?fileId=pxcbrttlkhbsdnma|title=GPS Strecke Ravenstonedale - Weasdale_Beck - GPSies|first=|last=ulamm|date=|website=GPSies.com|accessdate=10 April 2018}} 6. ^Catchment Data Explorer, Lune - headwaters to conf Birk Beck 7. ^Catchment Data Explorer, Lune - conf Birk Beck to conf Rawthey 8. ^Catchment Data Explorer, Lune - conf Rawthey to conf Greta 9. ^Catchment Data Explorer, Lune - conf Greta to conf Wenning 10. ^Catchment Data Explorer, Lune - conf Wenning to tidal 11. ^Crook of Lune, Looking towards Hornby Castle, Tate Collection, accessed 2009-08-15 12. ^{{cite book|author1=Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Transport Committee|author2=Parliament Transport Committee Great Britain House of Commons|title=Road Pricing: The Next Steps; Seventh Report of Session 2004–05|date=2 August 2005|publisher=The Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-215-02566-1|pages=46–}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://heyshamlink.lancashire.gov.uk/news-and-progress/news/2015/new-bridge-milestone-for-heysham-to-m6-link-road.aspx|title=New bridge milestone for Heysham to M6 Link Road - Heysham to M6 Link - Bay Gateway|first=Lancashire County|last=Council|date=|website=heyshamlink.lancashire.gov.uk|accessdate=10 April 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcumbria.com/yd/lune-valley-railway/|title=Lune Valley Railway - Visit Cumbria|author=|date=|website=www.visitcumbria.com|accessdate=10 April 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/cnwrs/papers%20on%20the%20web/arch%20conf%20synopses%201996.rtf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-10-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219213109/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/cnwrs/papers%20on%20the%20web/arch%20conf%20synopses%201996.rtf |archivedate=19 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }} Dalziel N., The Port of Lancaster in the 18th Century, University of Lancaster - Archaeology Conference 2 March 1996 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mycetes.co.uk/a/page111.html|title=Lighthouse Compendium|author=|date=|website=www.mycetes.co.uk|accessdate=10 April 2018}} 17. ^{{cite book |last=Mills |first=A. D. |year=1997 |orig-year=1991|title=A Dictionary of English Place Names |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=203 |isbn=0192831313 }} 18. ^Smith, Ian G. Some Roman Place-names in Lancashire and Cumbria, Britannia xxix (1998), 372–383 19. ^{{Cite web |title=Crook O' Lune bridge repairs start |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-21830046 |date=18 March 2013 |publisher=BBC News Online}} 5 : Rivers of Cumbria|Rivers of Lancashire|Rivers of Lancaster|Forest of Bowland|Lune catchment |
|||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。