| 词条 | Harlon Carter |
| 释义 |
| name = | image = | caption = | birth_date = August 10, 1913 | birth_place = Granbury, Texas | death_date = {{d-da|November 19, 1991|August 10, 1913}} | death_place = Green Valley, Arizona }} Harlon Bronson Carter (August 10, 1913 – November 19, 1991), born Harlan Bronson Carter, was an American leader of the United States Border Patrol and the National Rifle Association. Carter was an advocate for gun rights in the United States. Carter was born in Granbury, Texas, as "Harlan Carter."{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} Carter's father, Horace B. Carter, was an officer in the United States Border Patrol.{{sfn|Lytle Hernández}} His family subsequently lived in Laredo, Texas.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} Carter joined the National Rifle Association as a junior member at the age of 16.{{sfn|Lambert|1991}} On March 3, 1931, Carter shot and killed 15-year-old Ramón Casiano.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} Carter pleaded self-defense. Carter was convicted of murder without malice aforethought, a lesser charge than had been sought by the prosecution.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} Carter served two years in prison.{{sfn|Lytle Hernández|pp=68-69}} The conviction was overturned by the Texas Court of Appeals, which found that the judge in the case had issued incomplete jury instructions regarding laws related to self-defense.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}}{{sfn|Lambert|1991}}{{sfn|Lytle Hernández||pp=68-69}}{{sfn|Horwitz|2012}} Carter's name appears as "Harlan" in court records and news accounts. Carter graduated from the University of Texas and from Emory University School of Law.{{sfn|Lambert|1991}} Carter registered as "Harlon" and dismissed that he changed his first name as the result of the murder conviction.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} In 1936, Carter began a career with the United States Border Patrol,{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} where his father had also worked. Carter was among the leaders of Operation Wetback.{{sfn|Associated Press|1954}} Carter rose through the ranks and commanded the entire border patrol from 1950 through 1957.{{sfn|Lambert|1991}} From 1961 to 1970, Carter directed the Southwestern region of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. He retired from government service in 1970.{{sfn|Lambert|1991}} Carter's 1977 election as NRA Executive Vice President marked a turning point for the organization from promoting marksmanship and sports shooting towards advocacy for less restrictive gun laws. Under Carter's leadership, from 1977 to 1985, the NRA became less compromising on gun rights issues.{{sfn|Spitzer|2002}}{{sfn|Davidson|1998|p=36}} It also tripled its membership and gained considerable political influence.{{sfn|Lambert|1991}}{{sfn|Davidson|1998|p=39}} Murder convictionCarter's mother testified at trial that she told Carter that she thought three Mexican youths whom she saw loitering around the Carter home may know something about the theft of the Carter family's automobile three weeks earlier.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}}{{sfn|Davidson|1998|page=32}}{{sfn|Lytle Hernández|pp=68-69}}{{sfn|Sugarmann|1992}} Carter confronted the youths with a shotgun and asked them to return to the Carter home to submit to questioning by his mother.{{sfn|Davidson|1998|page=32}}{{sfn|Lytle Hernández|pp=68-69}} Casiano, the oldest of the three youths, took out a knife.{{sfn|Davidson|1998|page=32}} Carter fatally shot Casiano.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} Immigration services careerIn correspondence with assistants to President Dwight Eisenhower, Carter planned Operation Cloud Burst, which requested an executive order to mobilize the military to round up illegal entrants at the southwestern border and to raid migrant camps and businesses in the interior of the United States. In deference to the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, Eisenhower declined to authorize the use of the military, instead appointing Army General Joseph May Swing to head the Immigration and Naturalization Service.{{sfn|Lytle Hernández|page=183}}{{sfn|Blakemore|2018}} Carter described Operation Wetback as "The biggest drive against illegal aliens in history."{{sfn|Los Angeles Times|1954}}{{sfn|Blakemore|2018}} At a press conference on June 16, 1954 on the eve of the drive, Carter said "This is one drive that won't blow over."{{sfn|Los Angeles Times|1955}} Three years after his retirement, Carter testified before a federal grand jury in a Justice Department investigation into allegations that he had stolen 40,000 to 50,000 rounds of government ammunition for personal use post-retirement; no charges were filed.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} National Rifle Association leadershipCarter first joined the National Board of the NRA in 1951, and served as the organization's president from 1965-1967. In 1975, Carter became director of the NRA's lobbying arm, the Institute for Legislative Action. During the 1960s and 1970s, NRA leaders debated the organization's mission. Many of the organization's leaders believed that the NRA should focus on its traditional mission of promoting marksmanship and shooting sports. Carter, on the other hand, led a faction that wanted to see the NRA focus on advocating against gun control legislation.{{sfn|Davidson|1998|pp=28–36}} The NRA leadership was ambivalent about the Gun Control Act of 1968, the first gun control legislation since the 1930s. Franklin Orth, the group's Executive Vice President at the time of the act's passage, supported some parts of law, including limits on mail-order gun purchases and bans of Saturday night specials, inexpensive, often low-quality handguns, while opposing other provisions as "unduly restrictive and unjustified in their application to law-abiding citizens".{{sfn|Hardy|2002}}{{sfn|Lepore|2012}} In contrast, Carter believed that no gun control legislation could be acceptable. He wrote to the NRA membership: "We can win it on a simple concept – No compromise. No gun legislation."{{sfn|Achenbach|Higham|Horwitz|2013}}{{sfn|Davidson|1998|pp=28-36}} Carter opposed background checks for gun purchasers, saying that the acquisition of guns by violent criminals and the mentally ill is the "price we pay for freedom".{{sfn|Powell|2000}} In 1976, the NRA leadership fired seventy-four employees, most of them supporters of Carter. Carter resigned in protest. However, in 1977, at the NRA's annual meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, Carter and other activists succeeded in changing the organization's bylaws and voting out much of the leadership. Carter replaced Maxwell Rich as Executive Vice President, responsible for the NRA's operations.{{sfn|Davidson|1998|pp=28-36}} In July of that year, he was featured prominently on the cover of The American Rifleman, the official magazine of the NRA.[1] In 1981, on the occasion of his unanimous re-election to a fifth term as executive vice president of the NRA, newspaper reporters learned that Carter had been convicted of the murder of Ramón Casiano.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} Carter initially denied any knowledge of the incident but later acknowledged that he had been responsible for the shooting.{{sfn|Lambert|1991}}[2] In a written statement issued by the NRA Washington office, Carter said "I continue to regret the incident deeply as would anyone where a fatality is involved."{{sfn|United Press International|1991}} Carter denied changing the spelling of his name was related to the murder.{{sfn|Crewdson|1981}} Carter remained in this position until 1985. Under Carter's leadership, the NRA's membership tripled to over three million. The organization's budget and political influence also increased.{{sfn|Lambert|1991}} DeathCarter died of lung cancer in 1991 at his home in Green Valley, Arizona.{{sfn|Lambert|1991}} LegacyAccording to Osha Gray Davidson, author of the 1998 book Under Fire: the NRA and the battle for gun control, "In the long history of the National Rifle Association, Harlon Bronson Carter looms as a singular, towering figure - at least as important as William Conant Church, and certainly more so to the modern gun group."{{sfn|Davdison|1998|page=31}} In the NRA's Golden Ring of Freedom, their program for honoring financial supporters, the highest level of contribution, over $5 million per year, is named for Carter.{{sfn|Violence Policy Center|2013}}{{sfn|Johnson|2018}} In popular cultureThe album American Band by the Drive-By Truckers features a song, "Ramon Casiano", about the shooting of Casiano, and Carter's subsequent career.{{sfn|Gotrich|2016}} Notes1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/9503666@N08/7030715941/|title=Harlon Carter|work=Flickr|access-date=2017-09-21|language=en-us}} 2. ^{{cite news|title=Leader of Rifle Group Affirms that he Shot Boy to Death in 1931|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/06/us/leader-of-rifle-group-affirms-that-he-shot-bot-to-death-in-1931.html|accessdate=29 March 2018|work=The New York Times|date=6 May 1981}} References
10 : 1913 births|1991 deaths|People from Granbury, Texas|American gun rights advocates|Presidents of the National Rifle Association|United States Border Patrol agents|University of Texas at Austin alumni|Emory University School of Law alumni|Activists from Texas|People from Green Valley, Arizona |
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