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词条 R. K. Laxman
释义

  1. Birth and childhood

  2. Career

     Beginning  Other creations 

  3. Personal life

  4. Death

  5. Awards and recognition

      Exhibitions by IIC  

  6. Bibliography

  7. Multimedia

  8. Notes

  9. References

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}{{Infobox person
|name = R. K. Laxman
|image =
|image_alt =
|birth_name = Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Laxman
|birth_date = {{birth date|1921|10|24|df=yes}}
|birth_place = Mysore, Kingdom of Mysore, British India
(now in Karnataka, India)
|death_date = {{death date and age|2015|01|26|1921|10|24|df=yes}}
|death_place = Pune, Maharashtra, India
|nationality = Indian
|occupation = Cartoonist, illustrator
|known_for = Common Man cartoon
|spouse = {{plainlist |* Kumari Kamala
  • Kamala Laxman}}

|relatives = R. K. Narayan (Brother)
|awards = Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan, Ramon Magsaysay Award
|website= http://rklaxman.com/
|signature = Sign_of_RKLaxman.jpg
}}Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Laxman[1] (24 October 1921 – 26 January 2015) was an Indian cartoonist, illustrator, and humorist.[2] He was best known for his creation The Common Man and for his daily cartoon strip, You Said It in The Times of India, which started in 1951.[3]

Laxman started his career as a part-time cartoonist, working mostly for local newspapers and magazines. While as a college student, he illustrated his older brother R. K. Narayan's stories in The Hindu.[4] His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist for The Free Press Journal in Mumbai. Later, he joined The Times of India, and became famous for The Common Man character which turned out to be the turning point in Laxman's life.

Birth and childhood

R. K. Laxman was born in Mysore in 1921 in an Iyer family.[5] His father was a headmaster and Laxman was the youngest of eight children: six sons and two daughters.[6][7] His elder brother is novelist R. K. Narayan. Laxman was known as "Pied Piper of Delhi".[8]

Laxman was engrossed by the illustrations in magazines such as The Strand, Punch, Bystander, Wide World and Tit-Bits, before he had even begun to read.[9] Soon he was drawing on his own, on the floors, walls and doors of his house and doodling caricatures of his teachers at school; praised by a teacher for his drawing of a peepal leaf, he began to think of himself as an artist in the making.[10] Another early influence on Laxman was the work of the world-renowned British cartoonist, Sir David Low (whose signature he misread as "cow" for a long time) that appeared now and then in The Hindu.[11] Laxman notes in his autobiography, The Tunnel of Time:

{{quote|I drew objects that caught my eye outside the window of my room – the dry twigs, leaves and lizard-like creatures crawling about, the servant chopping firewood and, of course, and number of crows in various postures on the rooftops of the buildings opposite| R. K. Laxman[12]}}

Laxman was the captain of his local "Rough and Tough and Jolly" cricket team and his antics inspired the stories "Dodu the Money Maker" and "The Regal Cricket Club" written by his brother, Narayan.[13] Laxman's idyllic childhood was shaken for a while when his father suffered a paralytic stroke and died around a year later, but the elders at home bore most of the increased responsibility, while Laxman continued with his schooling.[14]

After high school, Laxman applied to the J. J. School of Art, Bombay hoping to concentrate on his lifelong interests of drawing and painting, but the dean of the school wrote to him that his drawings lacked "the kind of talent to qualify for enrolment in our institution as a student", and refused admission.[15] He finally graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Mysore. In the meantime he continued his freelance artistic activities and contributed cartoons to Swarajya and an animated film based on the mythological character [Narada].[16]

Career

Beginning

Laxman's earliest work was for newspapers Rohan and magazines including Swarajya and Blitz. While still at the Maharaja College of Mysore, he began to illustrate his elder brother R. K. Narayan's stories in The Hindu, and he drew political cartoons for the local newspapers and for the Swatantra. Laxman also drew cartoons for the Kannada humour magazine, Koravanji (which was founded in 1942 by Dr M. Shivaram who had a clinic in the Majestic area of Bangalore. He started this monthly magazine, dedicating it to humorous and satirical articles and cartoons. Shivaram himself was an eminent humourist in Kannada. He encouraged Laxman.)

Laxman held a summer job at the Gemini RohanStudios, Madras. His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist for The Free Press Journal in Mumbai, where Bal Thackeray was his cartoonist colleague. In 1951, Laxman joined The Times of India, Mumbai, beginning a career that spanned over fifty years.[17] His "Common Man" character, featured in his pocket cartoons, is portrayed as a witness to the making of democracy.[18] Anthropologist Ritu G. Khanduri notes, "R. K. Laxman structures his cartoon-news through a plot about corruption and a set of characters. This news is visualized and circulates through the recurring figures of the mantri (minister), the Common Man and the trope of modernity symbolized by the airplane (2012: 304)."[19]

Other creations

Laxman also created a popular mascot for the Asian Paints Ltd group called "Gattu" in 1954.[20][21] He also wrote a few novels, the first one of which was titled The Hotel Riviera.[22] His cartoons have appeared in Hindi films such as Mr. & Mrs. '55 and a Tamil film Kamaraj. His creations also include the sketches drawn for the television adaptation of Malgudi Days[23] which was written by his elder brother R. K. Narayan, directed by Shankar Nag, and a Konkan coast based Hindi sitcom, Wagle Ki Duniya. Laxman also drew caricatures of David Low, T.S. Eliot, Bertrand Russell, J.B. Priestly and Graham Greene.[22]

Personal life

Laxman was first married to Kumari Kamala, a Bharatanatyam dancer and film actress who began her film career as a child actress named "Baby Kamala" and graduated into adult roles under the name "Kumari Kamala" ("Miss Kamala"). They had no children and after their divorce Laxman married his niece whose first name was again Kamala. This was the author and children's book writer Kamala Laxman.[22] In a cartoon series named "The star I never met" in film magazine Filmfare he painted a cartoon of Kamala Laxman, with the title "The star I only met!" The couple had a son Srinivas, who worked for a while with The Times of India too.[23]

In September 2003, Laxman suffered a stroke that left him paralysed on his left side. He recovered from it partially.{{cn|date=October 2017}} On the evening of 20 June 2010, Laxman was admitted to Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai after being transported by an air ambulance from Pune.[24]

Death

Laxman died in Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital in Pune on India's Republic Day in 2015 at the age of 93. He was hospitalised three days earlier for urinary tract infection and chest problems that ultimately led to multiple organ failure.[25] He had reportedly suffered multiple strokes since 2010.[22][26][27]

A cartoon that Laxman had made following the successful landing of Mangalyaan on Mars was posted by the Indian Space Research Organisation on its Facebook and Twitter pages on 27 January.[28] Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis announced that Laxman would be accorded a state funeral and a memorial would be built in his honour. Laxman's body was kept at the Symbiosis Institute's Pune premises near the "Common Man" statue and his body was cremated at the Vaikunth crematorium.[29]

Laxman is survived by his wife Kamala, son Srinivas, daughter-in-law and granddaughter Mahalaxmi.[30]

Awards and recognition

  • Padma Bhushan – Govt. of India – 1973[22]
  • Padma Vibhushan – Govt. of India – 2005[31]
  • Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts – 1984[32]
  • Lifetime Achievement Award for Journalism – CNN IBN TV18 – 29 January 2008[33]
  • Pune Pandit Award (Scholar of Pune Award) by the Art & Music Foundation for excellence in 'Creative Communication' – 2012[33]
  • Honorary Doctorate from the University of Mysore – 2004[34]

There is a chair named after R. K. Laxman at Symbiosis International University.[35]

Exhibitions by IIC

Exhibitions of Laxman's cartoons organised by Indian Institute of Cartoonists at Indian Cartoon Gallery.

Date Exhibition Inaugurated by
6th Feb 2009 R. K. Laxman Jayaramaraje Urs
8th Feb 2012 R. K. Laxman’s Unpublished Doodles M N Venkatachaliah, Girish Karnad
17th Aug 2013 Famous Fifteen Tadao Kagaya (Japanese Cartoonist)
21st Oct 2013 Best of Laxman ...
27th Oct 2014 Faces : Laxman’s Caricatures ...
23rd Jan.2016 START-UP R. K. Laxman from Koravanji Usha Srinivas Laxman, M.Shivakumar, Beluru Ramamurthy
15th Oct 2016 Unpublished R.K.Laxman [36] ...

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|last=Nag|first=C. S.|title=He Said It! the ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogrwMgEACAAJ|date=1 October 2012|publisher=WheelMan Press|isbn=978-0-9824361-6-5}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=The Eloquent Brush|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dYBQgAACAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Times of India for Benett Coleman & Company}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=50 Years of Independence Through the Eyes of R.K. Laxman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOnVAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=The Times Group}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=The Best of Laxman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfPVAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Penguin Books}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=The Hotel Riviera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFsgAAAACAAJ|date=February 1989|publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated|isbn=978-0-14-010796-8}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=The messenger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtFlAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Penguin}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Servants Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_lVyDM7hZYC&pg=PT4|date=4 April 2002|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-108-8}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=The tunnel of time: an autobiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5s8YAAAAYAAJ|date=1 June 1998|publisher=Viking}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=Rasipuram Krishnaswamy|title=Brushing Up the Years: A Cartoonist's History of India, 1947 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn-VLAAACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310366-0}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Laugh With Laxman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV8VkC5uhpsC&pg=PT4|date=14 October 2000|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-016-6}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Collected Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzaTgrAuNbwC|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-100015-2}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Distorted Mirror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4jAVcJKs58C&pg=PP3|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303133-8}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Dose Of Laughter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWpBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT4|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-448-5}}
  • His autobiography Lakshmanrekha is published in Marathi.[37]
  • The Reel World [cartoons] published by Marwah Studio.
  • {{cite book|last1=Laxman|first1=R. K.|last2=Ketkar|first2=Kumar|authorlink2=Kumar Ketkar|title=Faces, Through the Eyes of R.K. Laxman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPXVAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Bennett Coleman & Company}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Laxman|first1=R. K.|last2=Ṭhakare|first2=Baḷa|last3=Kamath|first3=M. V.|authorlink3=M. V. Kamath|title=Laughter lines: the cartoon craft of R.K. Laxman & Bal Thackery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXcMAQAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Business Publications Inc}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Doodles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBHWAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=India Book House}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=You said it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sS1AAAAIAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Times of India Press}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Sorry, no room|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwI9AAAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=IBH Pub. Co.}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Calcutta Images|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-jVAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Manjushree Foundation}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Madhya Pradesh, Random Sketches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEvRAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Madhyam, Directorate of Information & Publicity}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=The Very Best of the Common Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrdJlQEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341871-9}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Common Man Balances His Budget|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEc7PQAACAAJ|date=30 March 2003|publisher=Penguin Group Australia|isbn=978-0-14-029928-1}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Penguin India Millennium Yearbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zxUPgAACAAJ|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-88841-2}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Best of Laxman: Common Man Goes to the Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSkeAgAACAAJ|date=30 March 2003|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-14-029931-1}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Thama and the Little Bird|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jhmtwAACAAJ|year=1970|publisher=India Book House Education Trust}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Common Man Takes A Stroll|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=433KAAAACAAJ|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-14-029933-5}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Laxman Resha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N1VAAAACAAJ|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7434-128-0|oclc=59332853}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Common Man Tackles Corruption|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6pWAAAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-14-302804-8}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=The Financial Expert|year=1952|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=9780345803849|title-link=The Financial Expert}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Science Smiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwW-ZwEACAAJ|year=1982|publisher=IBH Publishing Company}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Laxman Rekhas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcbaHAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Bennett Coleman & Company|isbn=978-81-89906-47-4}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Rangnekar|first1=Sharu|last2=Aras|first2=Kishor|last3=Laxman|first3=R. K.|author4=Pama Rangnekar|title=In the Wonderland of Indian Managers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG1tHAAACAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Vikas Publ.}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=Idle Hours: Short Stories, Travelogues, Essays, Anecdotes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT76GwAACAAJ|year=1982|publisher=IBH Publishing Company}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=R. K. Laxman: The Uncommon Man : Collection of Works from 1948 to 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTdongEACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Dharmendra Bhandari|isbn=978-81-908606-0-4}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Penguin India Yearbook 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LwtPwAACAAJ|date=1 November 2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-100261-3}}
  • {{cite book|last1= Mitra|first1=Debkumar |last2=Laxman|first2=R.K.|title=Penguin India Desk Companion, The - 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGnZQgAACAAJ|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-14-306718-4}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R K|title=Common Man Watches Cricket|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71FJAAAACAAJ|date=30 March 2003|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-14-029932-8}}
  • {{cite book|last=Laxman|first=R. K.|title=A Vote for Laughter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BEXAgAACAAJ|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-303086-7}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Rangnekar|first1=Sharu|last2=Ṭhākara|first2=Dineśa|last3=Laxman|first3=R. K.|title=Prabandhananāṃ mūḷatattvo: In the world of corporate managersno Gujarātī anuvāda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pJengEACAAJ|year=2013|language=Gujarati|publisher=Navasarjana Pablikeśana|isbn=978-93-81443-72-9}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Rangnekar|first1=Sharu|last2=Ṭhākura|first2=Dineśa|last3=Laxman|first3=R. K.|author4=Viveka Mehetre|title=Menejamenṭa śī rīte śīkhī śakāya tamārī patnī pāsethī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov5aywAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Navarsajana Pablikeśana}}

Multimedia

{{Commons category}}
  • India Through The Eyes of R. K. Laxman – Then To Now (CD-ROM).[38]
  • R K Laxman Ki Duniya – A Television show on SAB TV.[39]

Notes

1. ^{{cite book|author=Ranga Rao|title=R.K. Narayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgs4ebrb6XAC&pg=PA11|accessdate=11 March 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1971-7|pages=11}} Pg. 11 in the source says that Laxman & his brother Narayan were Tamil Iyer Brahmins.
2. ^Laxman's-eye view {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010051403/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1515/15150780.htm |date=10 October 2007 }} Frontline Magazine – 18–31 July 1998
3. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30988508 | title=Times of India cartoonist RK Laxman dies after illness | publisher=BBC | date=26 January 2015 | accessdate=27 January 2015}}
4. ^10 things you need to know about RK Laxman
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/art/article2568188.ece|title=The Common Man is still at work |work=The Hindu}}
6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://sangam.org/tribute-rasipuram-krishnaswamy-r-k-laxman/ |title=Tribute to Rasipuram Krishnaswamy (R.K.) Laxman |last=Kantha |first=Sachi Sri |authorlink=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=2 February 2015 |publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam |accessdate=26 July 2017}}
7. ^{{Harvnb|Laxman|1998|p=4}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=RK Laxman passes away|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/india/rk-laxman-passes-away/articleshow/46025700.cms|accessdate=27 January 2015|work=The Times of India}}
9. ^{{Harvnb|Laxman|1998|p=8}}
10. ^{{Harvnb|Laxman|1998|pp=11–15}}
11. ^{{Harvnb|Laxman|1998|p=25}}
12. ^{{Harvnb|Laxman|1998|p=24}}
13. ^{{Harvnb|Laxman|1998|pp=23–24}}
14. ^{{Harvnb|Laxman|1998|pp=29–32}}
15. ^{{Harvnb|Laxman|1998|pp=57–60}}
16. ^{{Harvnb|Laxman|1998|pp=66–72}}
17. ^Encyclopædia Britannica
18. ^Ritu Gairola Khanduri. 2014. Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History of the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/08949468.2012.688416|title = Picturing India: Nation, Development and the Common Man| journal=Visual Anthropology| volume=25| issue=4| pages=303–323|year = 2012|last1 = Khanduri|first1 = Ritu Gairola}}
20. ^{{cite news |title=Colour the world |url=http://hindu.com/businessline/2000/04/13/stories/111302c1.htm |publisher=Business Line |date=13 April 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231093908/http://hindu.com/businessline/2000/04/13/stories/111302c1.htm |archivedate=31 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
21. ^{{cite news |title=Who is the creator of 'Gattu'? |url= http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/jul/11quiz.htm|publisher=Rediff.com |date=11 July 2008 }}
22. ^{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/columns/columnists/shobhaa-de/an-uncommon-marriage-r-k-laxman-and-kamala/articleshow/46070253.cms|title=An ‘Uncommon’ Marriage: R K Laxman and Kamala|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=2018-11-23}}
23. ^The uncommon man: R.K. Laxman (1921-2015)
24. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-21/india/28295150_1_r-k-laxman-air-ambulance-strokes|title=R K Laxman hospitalized after 3 strokes, stable|publisher=Times of India|date=21 June 2010|accessdate=21 June 2010}}
25. ^{{Cite web | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/R-K-Laxman-regains-partial-consciousness/articleshow/45996985.cms | work = The Times of India| date= 23 January 2015 | accessdate = 27 January 2015 | title = R K Laxman regains partial consciousness}}
26. ^{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/r-k-laxman-dies-he-was-94/1/415453.html|title=Iconic cartoonist R K Laxman passes away in Pune after a prolonged illness at the age of 94|work=India Today|date=26 January 2015|accessdate=26 January 2015}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=Eminent cartoonist RK Laxman dies at 94|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eminent-cartoonist-RK-Laxman-dies-at-94/articleshow/46021781.cms|accessdate=26 January 2015|work=The Times of India}}
28. ^{{cite news|author1=Press Trust of India|title=ISRO pays tribute to R.K. Laxman with 'Common Man on Mars' cartoon|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-pays-tribute-to-rk-laxman-with-common-man-on-mars-cartoon/article6826265.ece|accessdate=27 January 2015|work=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu Group|date=27 January 2015|location=Bengaluru}}
29. ^{{cite news|last1=Banerjee|first1=Shoumojit|title=Fadnavis announces memorial for R.K. Laxman|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fadnavis-announces-memorial-for-rk-laxman/article6826272.ece|accessdate=27 January 2015|work=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu Group|date=27 January 2015|location=Pune}}
30. ^The story behind a cartoon
31. ^{{cite news|title='Common Man' cartoonist RK Laxman dead at 93|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/01/26/india-cartoonist-laxman-idINKBN0KZ1T520150126|accessdate=27 January 2015|publisher=Reuters|date=26 January 2015}}
32. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=Meena|title=The uncommon man: R.K. Laxman (1921-2015)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/r-k-laxman-the-uncommon-man/article6824003.ece|accessdate=27 January 2015|work=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu Group|date=26 January 2015}}
33. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Zunke|first1=Pratiksha|title=Renowned cartoonist RK Laxman to be awarded Bharat Bhushan|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-renowned-cartoonist-rk-laxman-to-be-awarded-bharat-bhushan-1885473|accessdate=27 January 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|date=7 September 2013|location=Pune}}
34. ^{{cite news|last1=Vakil|first1=Dina|title=RK Laxman, who immortalised the common man, was devoted to excellence|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/rk-laxman-who-immortalised-the-common-man-was-devoted-to-excellence/|accessdate=27 January 2015|work=The Economic Times|publisher=The Times Group|date=27 January 2015}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-19/india/29676656_1_r-k-laxman-eminent-cartoonist-kamala-laxman |title=RK Laxman Chair started at Symbiosis University|author=Times News Network|work=The Times of India |date=19 June 2011}}
36. ^[https://whatshappbangalore.wordpress.com/2016/10/13/unpublished-r-k-laxman-an-exhibition-of-doodles/ Unpublished R.K.Laxman] Whatshapp Bangalore : October 13, 2016
37. ^{{cite news|last1=Gill|first1=Gurkirat Singh|title=Unknown Facts About RK Laxman|url=http://www.universityexpress.co.in/delhiuniversity/2015/01/unknown-facts-rk-laxman/|accessdate=27 January 2015|work=University Express|publisher=Delhi University|date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204081310/http://www.universityexpress.co.in/delhiuniversity/2015/01/unknown-facts-rk-laxman/|archive-date=4 February 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
38. ^{{cite news|title=India Through the eyes of R. K. Laxman - Then To Now|url=http://india-through-the-eyes-of-r-k-laxman-the.software.informer.com/|accessdate=27 January 2015|publisher=Software Informer}}
39. ^1 {{cite news|title=Celebs mourn cartoonist RK Laxman|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Celebs-mourn-cartoonist-RK-Laxman/photostory/46028128.cms|accessdate=27 January 2015|work=The Times of India|publisher=The Times Group|date=27 January 2015}}

References

  • {{cite book |last=Laxman |first=R. K.|title= The tunnel of time |year=1998 |publisher= Penguin Books |location= India |ref=harv }}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010051403/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1515/15150780.htm Laxman's-eye view] Frontline Magazine – 18–31 July 1998
{{RMA winners of India}}{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}{{Mysore topics}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxman, R.K.}}

15 : 1921 births|2015 deaths|Indian cartoonists|Writers from Mysore|Indian editorial cartoonists|The Times of India journalists|Ramon Magsaysay Award winners|Maharaja's College, Mysore alumni|Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts|Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts|Deaths from multiple organ failure|20th-century Indian journalists|Journalists from Karnataka|Artists from Mysore|20th-century Indian painters
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