1. Background

2. Motor ships

3. Steam turbine ships

4. Second World War service

5. Final years

6. Artifacts

7. References

8. Sources and further reading

9. External links

RMS Alcantara was a Royal Mail Lines ocean liner that was built in Belfast in 1926. She served in the Second World War first as an armed merchant cruiser and then a troop ship, was returned to civilian service in 1948 and scrapped in 1958.

Background

In the First World War the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company lost a number of ships to enemy action, including three of its "A-series" passenger liners: {{RMS|Alcantara|1913|2}}, {{HMT|Aragon||2}} and {{HMHS|Asturias||2}}.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=121}} After the 1918 Armistice RMSP prioritised the replacement of lost cargo ships,{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=233}} using new refrigerated cargo ships to take a share of the growing trade in frozen meat from South America to the UK.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|pp=236–237}}

High demand for new merchant ships to replace First World War losses kept shipbuilding prices high, so RMSP Chairman Lord Kylsant deferred ordering any new passenger liners for a few years. However, in 1921 Parliament passed the first of five Trade Facilities Acts, which offered low-interest loans and Government guarantees for repayment. In 1924 Kylsant took advantage of the Act by ordering from Harland and Wolff of Belfast a pair of {{GRT|22200}} passenger liners{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=231}} with a speed of {{convert|18|to|19|kn|km/h}}.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=232}}

Motor ships

Harland and Wolff launched Asturias on 7 July 1925 and completed her in February 1926.^[3] Her sister ship Alcantara was launched on 23 September 1926 and completed in February 1927.^[4]{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=131}} The latter was named after Royal Mail Lines' previous Alcantara, which was an armed merchant cruiser in the First World War and had been lost when she and the German armed merchant cruiser {{SMS|Greif|1914|6}} sank each other in 1916.

Each of the two new ships was powered by a pair of eight-cylinder four-stroke double-acting diesel engines built by Harland and Wolff to a Burmeister & Wain design. The engines gave each ship 10,000 ihp or 7,500 bhp, and at the time they were the World's largest motor ships.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=131}} However, their cruising speed was only {{convert|16+1/2|kn|km/h}}, which was less than that of competing ships already on the route between European ports and the South American east coast. This was an embarrassment for Lord Kylsant, who in 1924 had become Chairman of Harland and Wolff in addition to his position as chairman of RMSP.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=132}}

Compagnie de navigation Sud-Atlantique had two {{GRT|15000}} liners on the route, Lutetia (1913) and Massilia (1920), that were smaller and older but at {{convert|20|kn|km/h}}{{sfn|Talbot-Booth|1936|p=394}} could offer a passage that was quicker by several days. Hamburg Südamerikanische Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft ("Hamburg South America Steamship Company") also competed on the route with its {{GRT|20517}}, {{convert|19|kn|km/h|adj=on}} {{SS|Cap Polonio||2}}.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=139}} In 1927 Hamburg Süd strengthened its competition by introducing the liner {{SS|Cap Arcona|1927|2}}, which not only matched the speed of the French ships{{sfn|Talbot-Booth|1936|p=410}} but at {{GRT|27561}} also became the largest ship on the route between Europe and South America.{{sfn|Talbot-Booth|1936|p=332}}

Steam turbine ships

In 1931 the Royal Mail Case resulted in the jailing of Lord Kylsant, and in 1932 the company was reconstituted as a new body, Royal Mail Lines, chaired by Lord Essendon. He claimed that German, Italian and French competitors were running ships to South America at {{convert|22|kn|km/h}}, giving a passage about five days quicker than RMSP.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=139}} The new RML company immediately considered how to raise the speed of Asturias and Alcantara.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=132}} Essendon concluded that foreign competitors were losing money at 22 knots, but a range of options to raise the speed of Asturias and Alcantara to {{convert|19|to|22|kn|km/h}} should be evaluated. Essendon also proposed inviting foreign competitors to agree on a 19-knot speed limit on the South American route, so that all companies could economise on fuel and attempt to cover their costs.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|pp=138–139}}

At that time marine diesel power was at a relatively early stage of development, and RML considered it unable to increase the two ships' speed to the required level. Lord Essendon therefore recommended steam turbines, and two options for the drive system: either conventional reduction gearing, or the newer turbo-electric transmission that had been pioneered in the US and successfully applied to US, UK and French ocean liners. Whichever transmission was chosen, the cost of re-engining Asturias and Alcantara was estimated at about £500,000. Lord Essendon also urged RML directors to order a third ship of similar speed to share the route with Asturias and Alcantara.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|pp=138–139}}

Given the Great Depression at the time, the RML board rejected the idea of a new ship. At first it was prepared to have only one ship re-engined, and proposed reassigning the other to cruising to replace the ageing A-series liner {{SS|Atlantis|1913|2}}. However, in May 1933 the board consented to have both Asturias and Alcantara re-engined, and at the same time to lengthen their bows and improve the accommodation. RML awarded the work to Harland and Wolff, but with a condition in the contract that the ships must achieve at least {{convert|18+3/4|kn|km/h}}, and a graduated penalty clause in case the actual speed increase should fall short of that figure.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=140}} In the same year, Lord Essendon succeeded in getting RML's competitors to accept a 19-knot speed limit on the South American route.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=139}}

Harland and Wolff fitted each ship with three water tube boilers supplying superheated steam at 435 lb_f/in² to a set of six turbines that drove her twin propeller shafts by single reduction gearing. The National Physical Laboratory helped the shipyard to design new aerofoil-section manganese bronze three-bladed propellers, and the rudders were also streamlined.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=140}} The new machinery succeeded in increasing each ship's nominal horsepower by 25% and increased their speed to about {{convert|19|kn|km/h}}.

Asturias was converted first, going to Belfast in May 1934 and returning to service in October. Only after Asturias had successfully completed a voyage from Southampton to Rio de Janeiro and back did RMSP send Alcantara to Harland and Wolff at Belfast in November. She returned to service in May 1935.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=142}}

Each ships had two funnels, of which the forward one was a dummy.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=132}} As built the funnels were low, which was a fashion for some 1920s and '30s motor ships. When the ships were re-engined in 1934 each funnel was increased in height.

Second World War service

In 1939 the Admiralty requisitioned Alcantara and Asturias and had each ship converted into an armed merchant cruiser. The mainmast and forward dummy funnel of each ship were removed to increase the arc of fire for their anti-aircraft guns.

On 28 July 1940 Alcantara encountered the German {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Thor}} in the South Atlantic. With her steam turbines Alcantara made {{convert|21+1/2|kn|km/h}} for four hours to chase Thor,{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=142}} and two shells from Alcantara{{'}}s six-inch main guns hit the German ship. But three shells from Thor hit Alcantara and one flooded her engine room. This forced Alcantara to reduce speed, enabling Thor to escape.

In 1943 Alcantara was converted into a troop ship.

Final years

Alcantara remained a troop ship well after the end of the war, and did not return to civilian service until October 1948. Asturias remained in UK Government service as an emigrant ship, and Alcantara resumed their route between Southampton and South America, together with {{RMS|Andes|1939|2}}.{{sfn|Nicol|2001b|p=147}} In April 1958 she was withdrawn from service and sold to Japanese shipbreakers who renamed her Kaisho Maru, took her to Japan and broke her up in the same year.

Artifacts

As part of the conversion to an auxiliary ship, mahogany wood panelling in the lobby was removed and stored in order to be replaced after the war. Eventually, the panels were not reused but were sold to the Church of Our Lady of Grace in Żabbar, Malta, where they were used as the platform for the altar for the 1951 village feast. The panels are now in the Żabbar Sanctuary Museum.^[6]

References

Sources and further reading

• {{cite book |last=Nicol |first=Stuart |year=2001 |title=MacQueen's Legacy; A History of the Royal Mail Line |volume=1 |place=Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC |publisher=Tempus Publishing |isbn=0-7524-2118-2 |pages= |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Nicol |first=Stuart |year=2001 |title=MacQueen's Legacy; Ships of the Royal Mail Line |volume=2 |place=Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC |publisher=Tempus Publishing |isbn=0-7524-2119-0 |pages=130–149 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Talbot-Booth |first=E.C. |year=1936 |title=Ships and the Sea |edition=Third |place=London |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd |pages= |ref=harv}}

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