1. History of road racing
    Early road racing  Race course evolution  Post-war era  Racing hazards and safety  Safety improvements  Modern road racing on public roads 

2. Road racing proliferation

3. North American road courses

4. See also

5. References

Road racing is a form of motorsport racing held on a paved road surfaces. The races can be held either on a closed circuit or on a street circuit utilizing temporarily closed public roads. Originally, road races were held almost entirely on public roads however, public safety concerns eventually led to most races being held on purpose built racing circuits.

Road racing's origins were centered in Western Europe and Great Britain as motor vehicles became more common in the early 20th century. After the Second World War, automobile road races were organized into a series called the Formula One world championship sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) while, motorcycle road races were organized into the Grand Prix motorcycle racing series now called MotoGP and sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM).^[1] The success and popularity of road racing has seen the sport spread across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents.^[2] Other variations of road racing include; sports car racing, touring car racing, superbike racing, truck racing, kart racing and endurance racing.

History of road racing

Early road racing

The first organized automobile race was held on July 22, 1894 from Paris to Rouen, France.^[1][3][4] The first held in the United States was a 54-mile competition from Chicago to Evanston, Illinois and return, held on November 27, 1895.^[1][5] By 1905, the Gordon Bennett Cup, organized by the Automobile Club de France, was considered the most important race in the world.^[1][4][6] In 1904, the Association Internationale des Automobiles Clubs Reconnus was formed by several European automobile clubs.^[7] In 1904 the FIM created the international cup for motorcycles.^[8][9] The first international motorcycle road race took place in 1905 at Dourdan, France.^[8][9] After disagreeing with Bennett Cup organizers over regulations limiting the number of entrants, the French automobile manufacturers responded in 1906 by organizing the first French Grand Prix race held at Le Mans.^[6][10] The first 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race was held in 1923.^[11]

Race course evolution

The great majority of road races were run over a lengthy circuit of closed public roads, not purpose-built racing circuits.^[12] This was true of the Le Mans circuit of the 1906 French Grand Prix, as well as the Targa Florio (run on {{convert|93|mi|km|0}} of Sicilian roads), the {{convert|75|mi|km|0}} German Kaiserpreis circuit in the Taunus mountains, the {{convert|48|mi|km}} French circuit at Dieppe, used for the 1907 Grand Prix and, the Isle of Man TT motorcycle road circuit first used in 1907.^[13][14][15] The exceptions were the steeply banked egg-shaped near oval circuit of Brooklands in England, completed in 1906, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, and the oval, banked speedways constructed in Europe at Monza in 1922 and at Montlhéray in 1924.^{[16][17][18][19]}

Road racing on public roads was banned in Great Britain in 1925 when a spectator was injured at the Kop Hill Climb event. The Royal Automobile Club (R.A.C.) and the Auto-Cycle Union (A.C.U.) stopped issuing permits for races on public roads, a policy that has not changed to this day.^[12] Donington Park was the first permanent park circuit in the United Kingdom and held its first motorcycle race in 1931.^[20] As automobile and motorcycle technology improved, racers began to achieve higher speeds that caused an increasing number of accidents on roads not designed for motorized vehicles.^[1][21] Public safety concerns ultimately caused the number of road racing events on public roads in Europe to decrease over the years.^[21] The Mille Miglia was a notable exception which was allowed to continue until 1957.^[1][22]

After the First World War, automobile and motorcycle road racing competitions in Europe and in North America went in different directions.^[1][23] Automobile racing in the United States was typically oval track racing on tracks such as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the Milwaukee Mile track while, pre-war American motorcycle racers raced mostly on dirt tracks using widely available horse racing circuits.^[1][23] American racing also branched out into stock car racing and drag racing.^[1]

Road racing traditions in Europe, South America, Great Britain and the British Commonwealth nations grew around races held on paved, public roads such as the Circuit de la Sarthe circuit near the town of Le Mans, France, the Spa-Francorchamps Circuit in Belgium and the Mount Panorama Circuit in Australia.^[23] Certain European race circuits were situated in mountainous regions where the topography meant that the roads featured numerous curves and elevation changes, allowing the creation of sinuous and undulating race courses such as the Nurburgring in the Eifel mountains of Germany and the Circuit de Charade in the Chaîne des Puys in the Massif Central of France.^[24] These circuits presented such a challenge that they were both feared and respected by racers. The {{convert|20.8|km|abbr=on}} long Nurburgring with more than 300 metres (1,000 feet) of elevation change from its lowest to highest points, was nicknamed "The Green Hell" by Jackie Stewart, due to its challenging nature.^[25] The sinuous track layout of the Charade circuit caused some drivers like Jochen Rindt in the 1969 French Grand Prix to complain of motion sickness, and wore open face helmets just in case.^[24]

Post-war era

In 1949 the FIM introduced the Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championship with the 1949 Isle of Man TT being the inaugural event.^[14][26] With the exception of the Monza circuit, all the Grand Prix races were held on street circuits. The Association Internationale des Automobiles Clubs Reconnus was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile in 1946 and, plans were developed for a road racing world championship. In 1950, the FIA created the Formula One world championship, a competition of seven rounds that included the Indianapolis 500.^[27][28] A Formula I manufacturers' championship was begun in 1955. Auto racing was temporarily banned in several countries after the 1955 Le Mans disaster.^[29] The tragedy highlighted the need for improved safety standards for both drivers and spectators; safety would continue to be an issue throughout the 1960s and 1970s.^[27]

The success of American racers such as Phil Hill and Dan Gurney in Formula One in the late 1950s sparked to a renewal of interest in road racing in the United States and, led to the construction of new road racing circuits such as Riverside International Raceway, Road America and Laguna Seca.^[23] The 1964 United States motorcycle Grand Prix was held at the Daytona International Speedway and led to increased international prominence for the Daytona 200 road race which peaked in 1974 with the victory by 15-time world champion Giacomo Agostini.^[23][30]

Racing hazards and safety

The Formula One championship experienced its worst tragedy during the 1961 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, when driver Wolfgang von Trips lost control of his Ferrari and crashed into a stand full of spectators, killing 15 and himself.^[27][31] In 1970, Jochen Rindt won the Formula One drivers' championship posthumously, the only man to do so, underlining the continuing risks associated with road racing.^[27]

When motorcycle racer Gilberto Parlotti was killed while competing in the 1972 Isle of Man TT, it sparked a rider's boycott of the event led by multi-time world champion, Giacomo Agostini, a close friend of Parlotti.^[32] Once the most prestigious race of the year, the event was increasingly boycotted by the top riders, and in 1976, the Isle of Man TT finally succumbed to pressure for increased safety in racing events and had its world championship status revoked by the FIM.^[32]

Another racing incident occurred at Monza during the 1973 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix when a racing accident claimed the lives of world champions Jarno Saarinen and Renzo Pasolini.^[33] After the von Trips accident in 1961, the Monza Circuit had been lined with steel barriers as a result of demands by automobile racers. Most auto racers believed steel barriers would improve safety for auto racers and spectators, but they had the opposite effect for motorcyclists and proved fatal for Saarinen and Pasolini.^[33][34]

The dangers of street circuits was further exposed at the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix held on the twisty, tree-lined Montjuich circuit in Barcelona.^[35] The racing drivers found that the circuit's safety barriers had been shoddily installed and threatened to strike if the barriers were not brought up to standard.^[35] Under pressure from race organizers, the race was started only to be stopped after 29 laps when a car ploughed into the crowd, killing four spectators.^[35]

Safety improvements

By the late 1970s, the popularity of Grand Prix road racing attracted corporate sponsors and lucrative television contracts which, led to an increased level of professionalism.^[27][32] Road racers organized to demand that stricter safety regulations be adopted by sanctioning bodies in relation to race track safety and race organizers requirements.^[27][32] Race circuits that had originally been public roads were modified to include chicanes and run-off areas while, some circuits were shortened to reduce the amount of safety personnel required. These changes saw a dramatic decrease in deaths and accidents.^[67]

Modern road racing on public roads

By the 1980s, motorcycle Grand Prix and the Formula One races were held on purpose built race circuits with the exception of the Monaco Grand Prix held on the city streets of Monaco. Street circuits such as the Montjuïc circuit and the Opatija Circuit with their numerous unmovable roadside obstacles, such as trees, stone walls, lampposts and buildings, were gradually removed from world championship competition.^[27][36]

Although events held on closed public roads such as the Isle of Man TT, lost their world championship status due to their considerable safety risk, their popularity continued to flourish leading to a branch of road racing known as Traditional Road Racing.^[37] Traditional road racing on closed public roads is popular in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and parts of Europe. The Duke Road Racing Rankings was established in 2002 to establish rider classifications in traditional road racing events such as the North West 200 and the Ulster Grand Prix.

In Formula One, street circuits have made a comeback with the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and the Baku City Circuit joining the Circuit de Monaco as part of the world championship. There are no street circuits being used in MotoGP racing.{{fact|date=November 2018}}

Road racing proliferation

The popularity of Formula One and motorcycle Grand Prix racing led to the formation of road racing world championships for other types of vehicles. In 1953, the FIA sanctioned a world championship for sports car racing which combined the Le Mans 24 Hours, the Mille Miglia, the 12 Hours of Sebring, the 24 Hours of Spa and the 1000km of the Nurburgring.^[38] NASCAR held its first road race in 1957 at the Watkins Glen International circuit with Buddy Baker as the winner.^[39] The FIA launched the European Touring Car Championship in 1963.^[40]

The FIA created the International Karting Commission (CIK) in 1962 and, in 1964, the first CIK Karting World Championship was won by Guido Sala.^[41][42] Karting has become a significant step in the development of road racers including Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton. The European Truck Racing Championship was founded in 1985.^[43] A Superbike World Championship for road-going production motorcycles was created in 1988.^[44]

As road racing grew in popularity it eventually expanded across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents.^[45] Expansion of the Formula One and MotoGP series has resulted in dedicated tracks being built in Qatar in the Middle East, Sepang in Malaysia, and Shanghai in China.

North American road courses

There was a long tradition of road racing on real streets in North America. The term's definition has shifted over time, however, with the increasing dominance of Oval racing. Now the term road course often is used as a catch-all phrase for any racetrack that is not an oval, with even combined circuits (or Rovals as they are sometimes called) such as the 24-hour sports car version of Daytona being referred to as a road course. The most famous contemporary American road courses are purpose-built, but some where the original tradition evolved include: Riverside International Raceway at Riverside, California (closed since 1989), Watkins Glen International at Watkins Glen, New York, Road America at Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin, and Sonoma Raceway at Sonoma, California. A permanent, purpose-built, road racing circuit (specifically not a street circuit), is sometimes described as a "natural" or "proper" road course in the U.S.

After a few decades of such events three sons of Barron Collier—Barron, Miles, and Samuel—founded the Automobile Racing Club of America in 1933. That organization became the Sports Car Club of America in 1944. Throughout its history, American race car drivers such as Briggs Cunningham, Lake Underwood, Carroll Shelby, and Mark Donohue were among the contestants at these road racing events.

The Road Racing Drivers Club was formed and invited members by nomination alone. Its presidents have been, Walt Hansgen, Dolph Vilardi, John Gorden Benett, Robert Grossman, Lake Underwood, Mark Donohue, Bob Sharp, Skip Barber, Dave Ammen, Bob Akin, Brian Redman, and Bobby Rahal.^[46]

American purpose-built road courses include: Alabama's Barber Motorsports Park, Utah Motorsports Campus, Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, Connecticut's Lime Rock Park, California's WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca, Road Atlanta, Texas' Circuit of the Americas, Oregon's Portland International Raceway, Virginia International Raceway and New Jersey Motorsports Park.

Additionally, racing over public streets is making something of a comeback; the most famous race of this sort currently held is the Grand Prix of Long Beach, hosted annually in Long Beach, California. Other famous street circuits in North America include events held in Saint Petersburg, Florida, Montreal, Québec, Detroit, Michigan, and Toronto, Ontario.

Airport runways figure into several part-time road courses in North America: Burke Lakefront Airport in Cleveland, Ohio hosted a Champ Car race through 2007, the Saint Petersburg course uses the runway of Albert Whitted Airport as its main straight. Sebring International Raceway, home of the prestigious 12-hour race in March, uses part of the runway complex of the former military airfield in Sebring, Florida, though the current civilian airport lies outside the track, across part the old airfield. More recently, the Edmonton Indy is held on the runways of Edmonton City Centre Airport in Edmonton, Alberta.

See also

• Formula racing
• World Superbike Championship
• Superkart
• List of Formula One circuits
• List of Grand Prix motorcycle circuits
• Street circuit
• Hillclimbing
• Oval track racing
• Drag racing
• Traditional Road Racing

References

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