1. Species

2. Morphology
     Vocalization  

3. Geographic range

4. Food and foraging habits

5. Behavior and breeding

6. Thermoregulation

7. Native American lore

8. Notes

9. References

10. Further reading

11. External links

The roadrunners (genus Geococcyx), also known as chaparral birds or chaparral cocks, are two species of fast-running ground cuckoos with long tails and crests. They are found in the southwestern United States and Mexico,^[1][2] usually in the desert. Some have been clocked at {{convert|20|mph}}.

Species

The subfamily Neomorphinae, the New World ground cuckoos, includes 11 species of birds,^[3] while the genus Geococcyx has just two,^[4]

Morphology

The roadrunner generally ranges in size from {{convert|22|to|24|in|cm|abbr=on}} from tail to beak. The average weight is about {{convert|8|–|15|oz|g|abbr=on}}.^[7] The roadrunner is a large, slender, black-brown and white-streaked ground bird with a distinctive head crest. It has long legs, strong feet, and an oversized dark bill. The tail is broad with white tips on the three outer tail feathers. The bird has a bare patch of skin behind each eye; this patch is shaded blue anterior to red posterior. The lesser roadrunner is slightly smaller, not as streaky, and has a smaller bill. Both the lesser roadrunner and the greater roadrunner leave behind very distinct "X" track marks appearing as if they are travelling in both directions.

Roadrunners and other members of the cuckoo family have zygodactyl feet. The roadrunner can run at speeds of up to {{convert|20|mph}}^[8] and generally prefer sprinting to flying, though it will fly to escape predators.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} During flight, the short, rounded wings reveal a white crescent in the primary feathers.

Vocalization

The roadrunner has a slow and descending dove-like "coo". It also makes a rapid, vocalized clattering sound with its beak.^[9]

Geographic range

Roadrunners inhabit the deserts of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America. They live in arid lowland or mountainous shrubland, widely dispersed in dry open country with scattered brush. They are non-migratory, staying in their breeding area year-round.^[10] The greater roadrunner is not currently considered threatened in the US, but is habitat-limited.^[11]

Food and foraging habits

The roadrunner is an opportunistic omnivore. Its diet normally consists of insects (such as grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, and beetles), small reptiles (such as lizards, collared lizards, and snakes, including rattlesnakes),^[12] rodents and other small mammals, spiders (including tarantulas), scorpions, centipedes, snails, small birds (and nestlings), eggs, and fruits and seeds like those from prickly pear cactuses and sumacs. The lesser roadrunner eats mainly insects. The roadrunner forages on the ground and, when hunting, usually runs after prey from under cover. It may leap to catch insects, and commonly batters certain prey against the ground. Because of its quickness, the roadrunner is one of the few animals that preys upon rattlesnakes;^[13] it is also the only real predator of tarantula hawk wasps.^[10]

Behavior and breeding

The roadrunner usually lives alone or in pairs. Breeding pairs are monogamous and mate for life,^[14] and pairs may hold a territory all year. During the courtship display, the male bows, alternately lifting and dropping his wings and spreading his tail. He parades in front of the female with his head high and his tail and wings drooped, and may bring an offering of food. The reproductive season is spring to mid-summer (depending on geographic location and species).^[10]

The roadrunner's nest is often composed of sticks, and may sometimes contain leaves, feathers, snakeskins, or dung.^[15] It is commonly placed 1–3 meters above ground level^[16] in a low tree, bush, or cactus. Roadrunner eggs are generally white. The greater roadrunner generally lays 2–6 eggs per clutch, but the lesser roadrunner's clutches are typically smaller. Hatching is asynchronous. Both sexes incubate the nest (with males incubating the nest at night) and feed the hatchlings. For the first one to two weeks after the young hatch, one parent remains at the nest. The young leave the nest at two to three weeks old, foraging with parents for a few days after.^[10]

Thermoregulation

During the cold desert night, the roadrunner lowers its body temperature slightly, going into a slight torpor to conserve energy. To warm itself during the day, the roadrunner exposes dark patches of skin on its back to the sun.^[10]

Native American lore

The Hopi and other Pueblo tribes believed that roadrunners were medicine birds and could protect against evil spirits. Their unusual X-shaped footprints are used as sacred symbols to ward off evil in many Pueblo tribes—partially because they invoke the protective power of the roadrunners themselves, and partially because the X shape of the tracks conceals which direction the bird is headed (thus throwing malignant spirits off track.) Stylized roadrunner tracks have been found in the rock art of ancestral Southwestern tribes like the Anasazi and Mogollon cultures, as well. Roadrunner feathers were traditionally used to decorate Pueblo cradleboards as spiritual protection for the baby. In Mexican Indian and American Indian tribes, such as the Pima, it is considered good luck to see a roadrunner. In some Mexican tribes, the bird was considered sacred and never killed, but most Mexican Indians used the meat of the roadrunner as a folk remedy to cure illness or to boost stamina and strength.^[17]

The word for roadrunner in O'odham language is Taḏai and is also the name of a transit center in Tucson, Arizona^[18][19]

Notes

References

• {{cite book|last=Alsop III|first=Fred J.|title=Birds of North America|year=2002|publisher=DK|location=New York|isbn=0-7894-8001-8|edition=1st American}}
• {{cite book|editor-first=Josep |editor-last=del Hoyo|editor2-first=Luis|editor2-last=Baptista|title=Sandgrouse to cuckoos|year=1997|publisher=Lynx Ed.|location=Barcelona|isbn=84-87334-22-9}}
• {{cite journal|last=Harrison|first=George|year=2005|title=Comical Cuckoo|journal=Birder's World|volume=19|pages=56–58}}
• {{cite book|editor-first=Michael|editor-last=Hutchins|title=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia|year=2003|publisher=Gale|location=Detroit|isbn=0-7876-5785-9|edition=2nd}}
• {{cite journal|last=Meinzer|first=Wyman|year=1993|title=Beep! Beep! Better pull over, folks – it's the roadrunner|journal=Smithsonian|volume=23|page=58}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Perrins|editor-first=Christopher M.|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds: The Definitive Reference to Birds of The World|year=1990|publisher=Prentice Hall Editions|location=New York|isbn=0-13-083635-4|edition=1st Prentice Hall Press}}
• {{cite book|author=National Geographic Society|title=Field Guide to the Birds of North America|date=2002|publisher=National Geographic|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=0792268776|page=244|edition=4th}}
• {{cite book|last1=Wetmore|first1=Alexander|last2=Kellog|first2=Peter Paul|title=Water, Prey, and Game Birds of Morth America|date=1965|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington D.C.}}

Further reading

• {{cite magazine|title=The Roadrunner: Clown of the Desert|magazine=National Geographic|first=Martha A.|last=Whitson|pp=694–702|volume=163|issue=5|date=May 1983|issn=0027-9358|oclc=643483454}}

External links

• Distribution map of the Greater Roadrunner
• Greater Roadrunner sounds
• Video clips of roadrunners in action

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