| 词条 | Hassanal Bolkiah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah {{small|حج حسن البلقیة معز الدین والدولة }} (Jawi) | office = 29th Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam | image = His Majesty during the golden jubilee.jpg | caption = Hassanal Bolkiah during the Golden Jubilee celebrations in 2017. | deputy = Al-Muhtadee Billah | predecessor = Omar Ali Saifuddien III | signature = Signature of Hassanal Bolkiah.svg | office2 = Minister of Defence and Commander in Chief of Royal Brunei Armed Forces | predecessor2 = Omar Ali Saifuddien III | deputy1 = Al-Muhtadee Billah | office1 = Prime Minister of Brunei Darussalam | predecessor1 = Office Established, formerly known as Chief Minister | successor1 = | successor2 = | birth_name = Hassanal Bolkiah Muiz'zaddin Wad'daulah | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|7|15|df=y}} | birth_place = Istana Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Hajah Saleha {{small|(m. 1965–present)}} Hajah Mariam {{small|(m. 1982–2003)}} Azrinaz Mazhar {{small|(m. 2005–2010)}} | children = Princess Rashidah Bolkiah Princess Muta-Wakillah Bolkiah Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah Princess Majeedah Bolkiah Princess Hafeezah Bolkiah Prince Abdul Malik Prince Abdul Azim Princess Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah Princess Fadzillah Lubabul Bolkiah Prince 'Abdul Mateen Prince Abdul Wakeel Princess Ameerah Wardatul Bolkiah | father = Begawan Sultan, Omar Ali Saifuddien III | mother = Suri Seri Begawan (Queen Mother) Pengiran Anak Damit | alma_mater = Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, United Kingdom | honorific-suffix = GCB GCMG | image_size = 220px | term_start = 5 October 1967 | term_end = | term_start1 = 1 January 1984 | term_end1 = | term_start2 = 7 September 1986 | term_end2 = | office3 = Minister of Finance | term_start3 = 1 January 1984 | term_end3 = | predecessor3 = Office Established | successor3 = | office4 = Minister of Foreign Affairs | term_start4 = 22 October 2015 | term_end4 = | predecessor4 = Mohamed Bolkiah | successor4 = | office5 = Chancellor of University of Brunei Darussalam | term_start5 = 1984 | term_end5 = | predecessor5 = Office Established | successor5 = | office6 = Chancellor of Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University | term_start6 = 2007 | term_end6 = | predecessor6 = Office Established | successor6 = | office7 = Chancellor of University of Technology Brunei | term_start7 = 2008 | term_end7 = | predecessor7 = Office Established | successor7 = | net_worth = US$20 billion (2008)[1] }} Hassanal Bolkiah, GCB GCMG (full name: Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam; born 15 July 1946) is the 29th and current Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Brunei. He is also the first and incumbent Prime Minister of Brunei. The eldest son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Raja Isteri (Queen) Pengiran Anak Damit, he succeeded to the throne as the Sultan of Brunei, following the abdication of his father on 5 October 1967. Sultan Hassanal was also known as the Chairman of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2001 and 2013 due to the hosting of the ASEAN summits to those due dates. The Sultan has been ranked among the wealthiest individuals in the world; Forbes estimated the Sultan's total peak net worth at US$20 billion in 2008. After Queen Elizabeth II, the Sultan is the world's second longest-reigning current monarch.[2] On 5 October 2017, the Sultan celebrated his Golden Jubilee to mark the 50th year of his reign on the throne.[3] In April 2019, it was announced that he had sponsored legislation to punish adultery and gay sex by stoning to death. Early years and educationThe Sultan was born on 15 July 1946, in Istana Darussalam, Brunei Town (now called Bandar Seri Begawan) as Pengiran Muda (Crown Prince) Hassanal Bolkiah. The Sultan received high school education at Victoria Institution in Kuala Lumpur, after which he attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom, graduating in 1967.[4] Ascension to the throneHe became the Sultan of Brunei Darussalam on 5 October 1967, after his father abdicated. His coronation was held on 1 August 1968, and made him the Yang di-Pertuan (Head of State) of Brunei. Like his father, he has been knighted by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, of which Brunei was a protectorate until 1984. Political role as SultanUnder Brunei's 1959 constitution, the Sultan is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers since 1962. On 9 March 2006, the Sultan was reported to have amended Brunei's constitution to make himself infallible under Bruneian law.[5] Bolkiah, as Prime Minister, is also the head of government. In addition, he holds the portfolios both of Minister of Defense and Minister of Finance. As Minister of Defense he is therefore the Supreme Commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces, as well as an Honorary General in the British and Indonesian armed forces and an Honorary Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal Navy. He appointed himself as Inspector General of Police (IGP) of the Royal Brunei Police Force.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} Bolkiah addressed the United Nations General Assembly on Brunei Darussalam's admission to the United Nations in September 1984. In 1991, he introduced a conservative ideology to Brunei called Melayu Islam Beraja (Malay Islamic Monarchy, MIB), which presents the monarchy as the defender of the faith.[6] He has recently favoured Brunei government democratisation and declared himself Prime Minister and President. In 2004, the Legislative Council, which had been dissolved since 1962, was reopened.[7] His designated successor is his eldest son, Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} The Sultan's official residence is the Istana Nurul Iman, with 1,788 rooms, 257 bathrooms, and a floor area of {{convert|2,152,782|sqft|m2 ha|lk=in|sigfig=2}}. The Istana also houses several offices of government, including that of the Office of the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan, the Office of the Grand Chamberlain, as well as the offices within the Prime Minister's Department. Parts of the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Finance are also located at the palace. The Crown Prince, who is the Senior Minister, works from offices at the Istana. Hyatt Borneo Management Services and HM The Sultan's flight maintain offices there.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} Brunei during Hassanal Bolkiah's sultanate{{BLP sources section|date=June 2013}}Development of education systemThe University of Brunei Darussalam and Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University (UNISSA) were established. Technical and vocational institutions were also built, such as the Brunei Technological University (UTB), Sultan Saiful Rijal Technical College, and vocational schools. The religious Institute Tahfiz Al-Quran Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah was established. Scholarships for study in the country and abroad were provided for educational purposes. Defence and security developmentsThe Royal Brunei Armed Forces were expanded with the establishment of three major branches of the Royal Brunei Land Forces, Royal Brunei Navy and Royal Brunei Air Force. Health, welfare and community servicesMedicines and medical treatment are free of charge to children, policemen and members of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces in hospitals and government clinics, and subject to a small charge for others. There is one doctor per 949 patients. The life expectancy of the people and the country's population is 74.2 years for men and 77.3 years for women. Other facilities offered include various National Housing Plan Scheme (RPN), Land Allocation Scheme, the additional monthly pension on the elderly, subsistence allowances for widows and people with disabilities. Hassanal Bolkiah established the Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Foundation (YSHHB). In January 2013, the Royal College of General Practitioners created the honour of ‘Companion of the College’ to mark its 60th anniversary. The Sultan became the first recipient of this award in recognition of the work he has done to promote healthcare in Brunei and abroad. An auditorium in the College's headquarters at 30 Euston Square, London - where the Sultan was inaugurated - was also named in his honour.[8] Foreign affairsBrunei Darussalam is a member of various international and regional organisations such as ASEAN, Commonwealth, the Organisation of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Hassanal Bolkiah was chairman of Summit APEC Leaders in 2000 when Brunei Darussalam hosted the summit. Hassanal Bolkiah was also the chairman of ASEAN Summit in 2013 when Brunei Darussalam hosted the summit. Membership of international organizationsHassanal Bolkiah attended various meetings of international organisations. Brunei Darussalam:
Religious affairsHassanal Bolkiah is Head of Religion, and Islam is the official religion of the country. Mosques, prayer halls and stations were built across the country. The Sultan decreed that Islamic celebrations such as Early Years Celebration Prophet's birthday, Isra and Miraj and Nuzul Al Quran are to be celebrated on a large scale. He often attends mosques and surau throughout the country for the obligatory Friday prayers. In 2014, Hassanal Bolkiah also advocated the adoption of Islamic sharia penalties, including that adultery is to be punished with death by stoning only when proven by the testimony of four trusted, impartial, and truthful witnesses in attendance. Hassanal Bolkiah also banned public celebrations of Christmas in 2015, including wearing hats or clothes that resemble Santa Claus. The ban affects only local Muslims.[9] Christians are still allowed to celebrate Christmas. According to Bruneian Bishop Cornelius Sim, on 25 December 2015, there were around estimated 4,000 out of 18,000 Bruneian Catholics, mainly Chinese and expats living in the country, attending the mass on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. While there was no absolute ban on celebrations, there was a ban affecting Christmas decorations in public places, especially shopping malls; the ban did not affect small stores or private residences including churches{{Clarify|Private residences including those that have churches? Is Christian worship permitted only in private residences (genuine question; I sincerely don't know)?|date=December 2016}}.[10] EconomyThere have been national economic development plans; oil and gas remain the main source of national income. Steps are being made to establish a petrochemical industry too. In the Islamic banking sector, Brunei Islamic Trust Fund (TAIB) was established on 29 September 1991, while in 2006, the Islamic Bank of Brunei (IBB) and the Islamic Development Bank of Brunei (IDBB) consolidated into Bank Islam Brunei Darussalam (BIBD) with total assets of US$5 billion. Marriage and familyThe Sultan married his first cousin and first wife, Pengiran Anak Saleha or Princess Saleha, later became the Raja Isteri or Queen. His former second wife, Aisha Mariam (the former Pengiran Isteri), was a former flight attendant for the national carrier, Royal Brunei Airlines. He divorced her in 2003, stripping her of all her royal titles. In August 2005, her place was taken by a former Malaysian TV3 presenter, Azrinaz Mazhar Hakim, who is 33 years younger than the Sultan. They divorced in 2010, and as with Aisha Mariam, the Sultan stripped her of all titles, honours, and monthly allowance. The divorce was announced on Radio Television Brunei by the Grand Chamberlain.[11] Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah is the current Pengiran Muda Mahkota ("Crown Prince") and the Sultan's heir, as the eldest son of the Sultan and Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha. As of 2012, Hassanal Bolkiah has five sons and seven daughters with his three wives. Issue
He also has 16 grandchildren.[12][13] Titles, styles and honours{{Infobox hrhstyles|royal name = The Sultan of Brunei |image = |dipstyle = His Majesty |offstyle = Your Majesty |altstyle = Kebawah Duli Tuan Patik }} In Malay the Sultan's full title is Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien, Sultan dan Yang di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam.[14] In English the translation of the full title is His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah son of the Late Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien, Sultan and State Sovereign of Brunei the Peaceful Abode. Academic honoursThe Sultan received an honorary doctorate at the Moscow State University for International Relations (MGIMO), 2005.[15] He has also been awarded an Honorary Doctor of Law degree from the University of Oxford, England, and an Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. He received an Honorary Doctorate from the Chulalongkorn University of Thailand. In 2003, he received an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Humanities and Culture from Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.[16] On 27 January 2005, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws by the National University of Singapore.[17] On 14 April 2011, he was conferred the Honorary Doctorate of Law by King's College London.[18] The scroll for the honorary doctorate was presented by Lord Duoro, the chairman of the Council of King's College London. He was awarded with an honorary doctorate in philosophy and humanities on 21 April 2011 from Universitas Indonesia.[19] Military honoursThe Sultan holds an honorary commission in the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom as an Air Chief Marshal.[20] He is also an Honorary Admiral of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom,[21] a title given to him by Queen Elizabeth II when he took the salute at the passing out parade of the 2001 summer term at Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, the Royal Navy's officer-training school in the United Kingdom. He has an English residence at Binfield Manor in Berkshire. In April 2008, he was made an honorary member of the Indonesian Satgas Atbara Special Operations Unit. He holds the rank of Honorary Colonel Commmandant of Pakistan's Special Service Group (SSG), awarded to him during his visit to the Pakistan Army's SSG headquarters at Cherat with effect from 3 Apr 2005.[22] He possesses red beret and paratrooper wings of the Black Hawk paratroopers, presented to him by the Indian Army during his state visit to India. Other honoursIn January 2013, the Royal College of General Practitioners inaugurated the Sultan as the first Companion of the College for services to healthcare in Brunei and abroad.[23] Controversies{{see|Human rights in Brunei}}Shannon Marketic IncidentIn 1997 Shannon Marketic sued Jefri Bolkiah, Prince of Brunei and younger brother of Hassanal Bolkiah, claiming that she and other women were hired for promotional work but instead held as a "virtual prisoner", drugged and sexually abused.[24][25][26][27] The Sultan denied the claims.[26] Marketic's lawsuit named Miss USA 1997 Brandi Sherwood as also being a victim, however Sherwood declined to file her own lawsuit.[28] After 18 months of litigation, a judge at the US court dismissed the suit on the grounds that the Sultan had sovereign immunity as head of state.[29][30] AMEDEO crisisHe had open disagreements with his brother, Jefri Bolkiah, who owned a network of companies and investment vehicles under the name "Amedeo" run by his son, Prince Hakim, which was used to buy the luxury goods company Asprey and build an amusement park and other projects in Brunei.[31] In July 1998 the Amedeo group collapsed under US$10 billion in debt.[32] Between 1983 and mid-1998 some US$40 billion of what were called "special transfers" were made from the accounts of the Brunei Investment Agency (BIA).[33] An independent investigation was undertaken into the circumstances of these special transfers, concluding that in round figures, US$14.8 billion were paid to the accounts of Prince Jefri apart from the US$8 billion to accounts of the Sultan and US$3.8 billion for Government purposes. The destination, purpose and recipients of the remaining transfers were not established.[33] Due to the secretive nature of the state and the blurred lines as to where the royal family's finances and the state finances began and ended, establishing the true course of events is very difficult.[31] Prince Jefri was accused of misappropriating state funds to pay for his own personal investments, bought through BIA and Amedeo companies and removed from his position as head of BIA.[34][35] In February 2000 the Bruneian government attempted to obtain a freezing order on Prince Jefri's overseas assets, which led to him countersuing in New York.[34] Following protracted negotiations a settlement agreement was signed by the Prince in May 2000,[33] the terms of which were never made public.[32] However, Prince Jefri claimed assurances were made to him by the Sultan with regards to keeping certain properties to maintain his lifestyle, which BIA denied.[32][33] In accordance with the settlement agreement signed in 2000, the prince began to return his assets to the state, including more than 500 properties, both in Brunei and abroad, about 2500 cars, 100 paintings, five boats, and nine aircraft.[32] In 2001 ten thousand lots of Prince Jefri's possessions went to auction.[36] However, the BIA alleged that the Prince failed to uphold the agreement by failing to disclose all his accounts, and allowing money to be taken from frozen accounts,[37] and restarted legal proceedings to gain full control of the Prince's assets. After a number of appeals,[38] this finally reached the Privy Council in London, which can serve as Brunei's highest court of appeal as a result of Brunei's former protectorate status.[39] The Privy Council rejected Prince Jefri's evidence, describing his contention that the agreement allowed for him to retain a number of properties as "simply incredible",[40] and ruled in favour of the Government of Brunei and the BIA; consequently the Prince's appeal was dismissed and he was ordered to return the rest of his assets to Brunei.[33] The decision of the Privy Council did not end the litigation between Prince Jefri and the BIA. The BIA re-opened proceedings in Malaysia and the Cayman Islands, resulting in the BIA gaining control over the Hotel Bel-Air in Los Angeles and The New York Palace Hotel in Manhattan.[41] The BIA also re-opened collateral litigation in the High Court of England and Wales. After winning before the Privy Council, the BIA asked the court to determine whether Prince Jefri should be held in contempt of court for allegedly making misstatements in his listing of assets. The contempt proceeding was scheduled for a hearing in June 2008, but the Prince did not attend, instead going to Paris.[37][42] Judge Peter Smith did not rule on whether Prince Jefri was in contempt, but did issue a warrant for his arrest.[43] As of November 2010, the warrant still appears to be in place, meaning the Prince will be arrested if he enters the UK.[44] As of October 2009, Prince Jefri appears to have been allowed back to Brunei. He is not back in any official government role but retains all his royal titles and decorations and remains in the royal protocol order. He is seen at major national functions like the national teachers day celebrations, the Sultan's birthday and at the National Day Celebrations. His most recent appearance was at The Legco (Legislative Council) opening ceremony in March 2012.[45] Introduction of death by stoningAs Prime Minister and Head of Islam in Brunei, Bolkiah has spearheaded Shariah legislation that will punish adultery and homosexual sex with death by stoning, effective from April 3, 2019. This has sparked strong international protests.[46] This policy includes calls for boycotts of well known hotels owned by the Sultan, in the US and Europe.[47] InterestsThe Sultan is passionate about cars. The royal family always maintains a collection of over 100 cars and the palace has the underground garage to accommodate them. Apart from this he once owned one of the largest private car collections in the world with about 2500 cars which his brother Jefri Bolkiah bought for himself, the Sultan and other members of the royal family to entertain their car passion. The car collection and Prince Jefri's other indulgences cost billions of US dollars, and ultimately landed him in trouble and the royal family in financial crisis. The car collection was left abandoned; most of the non-garaged cars were beyond saving, the rest were auctioned.[48] The Sultan's involvement in sports includes playing polo, golf, and badminton. He also enjoys race car driving, piloting helicopters, and aircraft. On international trips, he pilots his own Boeing 747-8.[49] He is also very fond of gold and has a Rolls-Royce coated with 24k gold. He often enjoys fine cigars, and has a notable favourite, the Gurkha Centurian, that was commissioned specifically for him.[50] His primary residence, the 1,800-room palace Istana Nurul Iman, is considered the world's largest private residence.[51][52] PostsThe Sultan is the Prime Minister, Minister of Defence, Minister of Finance, Head of Islam (Caliph), Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Head of Customs, Supreme Commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces and the Inspector General of the Royal Brunei Police Force. Honorary awards{{see also|List of honours of Brunei awarded to heads of state and royalty|List of honours of the Bruneian Royal Family by country}}He has been awarded:[65] Brunei honorary awards
N.B. * decoration founded by the sultan on 1 August 1968 ; ** = decoration founded by the sultan on 15 August 1982 Malaysia honorary awards{{Flag|Malaysia}}:
Foreign honorary awards
Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |1= 1. Hassanal Bolkiah[57] |2= 2. Omar Ali Saifuddien III |3= 3. Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit |4= 4. Muhammad Jamalul Alam II |5= 5. Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Siti Fatimah |6= 6. Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman |7= 7. Pengiran Fatima |8= 8. Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin |9= 9. Pengiran Isteri Fatimah |10= 10. Pengiran Tua Omar Ali |11= 11. Pengiran Babu Raja Pengiran Anak Tengah |12= 12. Pengiran Muda Besar Omar Ali Saifuddin |13= 13. Pengiran Anak Siti Khadija |14= 14. Radin Haji Hassan |15= 15. Hajah Zainab }} See also{{portal|Biography|Royalty}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2008/0901/038.html|date=22 August 2008|website=Forbes|first1=D.|last1=Pendleton|first2=C.|last2=Vorasasun|first3=C.|last3=von Zeppelin|first4=T.|last4=Serafin|title=The Top 15 Wealthiest Royals}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/worlds-second-longest-reigning-brunei-monarch-sultan-hassanal-bolkiah-marks-golden-jubilee-in-style/101287 |title=World's second-longest reigning monarch, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, marks golden jubilee in style |publisher=Times Now |date=5 October 2017 |accessdate=14 September 2018}} 3. ^{{Cite news| title=Sultan of Brunei's Golden Jubilee celebrated with chariot parade| publisher=CNN| date=5 October 2017| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/05/asia/brunei-sultan-jubilee-celebration/index.html| accessdate=23 October 2017}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Leifer|first1=Michael|title=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UCl7VE4VMIC&lpg=PA76&ots=u7s6MQkyx-&dq=sultan%20of%20brunei%201967%20sandhurst&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q=1967%20sandhurst&f=false}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/2006/03/09/brunei/|title=Sultan of Brunei Declares Himself Infallible|website=Hello!|date=9 March 2006}} 6. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298607.stm | work=BBC News | title=Country profile: Brunei | date=21 January 2010 | accessdate=4 May 2010}} 7. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3688860.stm | work=BBC News | title=Sultan of Brunei reopens parliament | date=25 September 2004 | accessdate=4 May 2010}} 8. ^RCGP inaugurates Companion of the College award 9. ^{{cite news|title=Brunei did not ban Christian from celebrating Christmas|url=http://m.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/minister-brunei-unfairly-hurt-by-unverified-news-on-christmas-ban|accessdate=24 December 2015|agency=TheMalayOnline|date=25 December 2015}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=Thousands celebrating Christmas in Brunei|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2015/12/26/christians-celebratex%E2%80%99mas-brunei|accessdate=25 December 2015|agency=The Brunei Times|date=25 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229105833/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2015/12/26/christians-celebratex%E2%80%99mas-brunei|archive-date=29 December 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^1 Brunei's sultan divorces Malaysian wife of 5 years{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 12. ^Royal Family of Brunei Birthday and Anniversary wishes – The Royal Forums 13. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2013/08/03/princess-hafizah-gives-birth-boy |title=Princess Hafizah gives birth to a boy – The Brunei Times |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815080354/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2013/08/03/princess-hafizah-gives-birth-boy |archive-date=15 August 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 14. ^{{cite web |title=Prime Minister |url=http://www.jpm.gov.bn/ |publisher=Prime Minister's Office of Brunei |accessdate=24 April 2011}} 15. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.klosi.org/news/klosi_news_vip/995.html | work=Klosi News | title=H. Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei| date=21 February 2010 | accessdate=29 November 2010}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rtb.gov.bn/NewsUpdate/2003/April03/100403/main1.htm|title=His Majesty is conferred with an Honourary Doctorate degree|date=10 April 2003|archive-date=21 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121055639/http://www.rtb.gov.bn/NewsUpdate/2003/April03/100403/main1.htm|website=Radio Television Brunei}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://newshub.nus.edu.sg/pressrel/0501/050127.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-12-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106062827/http://newshub.nus.edu.sg/pressrel/0501/050127.htm |archivedate=6 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }} 18. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2011/04/15/honorary-doctorate-sultan-prince-abdul-azim-launches-uk-hotel-owned-brunei | work=The Brunei Times | title=Honorary doctorate for Sultan | date=15 April 2011 | accessdate=18 April 2011 }}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 19. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2011/04/17/indonesia-varsity-confer-honorary-doctorate-hm | work=The Brunei Times | title=Indonesia varsity to confer honorary doctorate on HM | date=17 April 2011 | accessdate=18 April 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327085425/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2011/04/17/indonesia-varsity-confer-honorary-doctorate-hm | archivedate=27 March 2012 | df=dmy-all }} 20. ^{{Cite book|title=The Air Force List|date=2006|publisher=HMSO|ISBN=0-11-773038-6}} 21. ^Navy List 22. ^Sultan of Brunei made honorary colonel, Dawn, 20 May 2004. 23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118041612/http://www.rcgp.org.uk/news/rcgp-inaugurates-companion-of-the-college-award.aspx|title=RCGP inaugurates Companion of the College Award|date=2013-01-18|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-04-03}} 24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=437&dat=19970309&id=-u0jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LUQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1841,3196556|title=Former Miss USA sues Sultan of Brunei over sex|last=|first=|date=9 March 1997|work=|newspaper=The Nation|access-date=|via=}} 25. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19971217&id=P7wfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D9gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5909,1999118|title=Former Miss USA wants court to have jurisdiction over Brunei prince|last=|first=|date=17 December 1997|work=|newspaper=Gadsden Times|access-date=|via=}} 26. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19970305&id=_i0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1wcGAAAAIBAJ&pg=4874,755547|title=Sultan denies he kept girl as slave|last=|first=|date=5 March 1997|work=|newspaper=The Free Lance-Star|access-date=|via=}} 27. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=437&dat=19970306&id=eKZNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s0MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6603,1926425|title=Media frenzy follows suit of ex-Miss USA|last=|first=|date=6 March 1997|work=|newspaper=The Nation|access-date=|via=}} 28. ^{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2026&dat=19970604&id=EU8tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=utAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6337,2685928|title=Miss USA won't sue Sultan of Brunei|last=|first=|date=4 June 1997|work=|newspaper=Moscow-Pullman Daily News|access-date=|via=}} 29. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/122993080/?terms=shannon%2Bmarketic|title=Of Sultans and Swinging|last=Graves|first=David|date=19 March 1998|work=|newspaper=The Age|access-date=|via=}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2000/04/09/profligate-prince-jefri.html|title=Profligate Prince Jefri|date=10 April 2010|work=Newsweek|accessdate=1 November 2010}} 31. ^1 {{cite news | last = Landler | first = Mark | authorlink = Mark Landler | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E6D7123CF934A1575BC0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 | title = The Royal Treatment; Ruling Family Feuds as Oil Income Drops in Brunei | publisher = The New York Times | date = 27 August 1998 | accessdate =22 October 2010 }} 32. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | url = http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/nov2000/nf20001117_749.htm | title = A Scandal's Sting Eases in Brunei | publisher = BW Online | date = 17 November 2000 | accessdate =15 October 2010 }} 33. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url = http://www.privy-council.org.uk/files/other/Bolkiah.Bingham.rtf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110405221402/http://www.privy-council.org.uk/files/other/Bolkiah.Bingham.rtf | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 5 April 2011 | format = RTF | title = His Royal Highness Prince Jefri Bolkiah and others v. The State of Brunei Darussalam and Brunei Investment Agency Privy Council Appeal No 69 of 2006, Judgment of the Lords of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council | date = 8 November 2007 | accessdate = 20 October 2010 }} 34. ^1 {{cite news | last = Temko | first = Ned | authorlink = Ned Temko | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/29/theobserver.worldnews | title = Battle royal for riches of the Sultan | publisher = The Observer | date = 29 July 2007 | accessdate =15 October 2010 }} 35. ^{{cite journal | last = Mitton | first = Roger | authorlink = Roger Mitton | url = http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.brunei.jefri.html | title = 'Everyone Was Shocked' | journal = Asiaweek | date = 10 March 2000 | volume = 26 | issue = 9 | accessdate = 15 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927040459/http://cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0310/nat.brunei.jefri.html | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = dmy-all }} 36. ^{{cite news | last1 = Stephen | first1 = Ignatius | last2 = Spillius | first2 = Alex | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1337212/Prince-Jefris-shame-goes-under-the-hammer.html | title = Prince Jefri's shame goes under the hammer | publisher = The Telegraph | date = 12 August 2001 | accessdate =10 October 2010 }} 37. ^1 {{cite news | last = Alderson | first = Andrew | authorlink = Andrew Alderson | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2791627/Prince-Jefri-blames-brother-Sultan-of-Brunei-for-family-feud.html | title = Prince Jefri blames brother Sultan of Brunei for family feud | publisher = The Telegraph | date = 14 June 2008 | accessdate =19 October 2010 }} 38. ^{{cite news | last = Pierce | first = Andrew | authorlink = Andrew Pierce | url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article738180.ece | title = Sultan's brother told to repay billions | publisher = The Times | location = London | date = 7 March 2006 | accessdate =22 October 2010 }} 39. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/brunei/brunei_brief.html | title = Brunei Darussalam country brief | publisher = Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government | accessdate =10 October 2010}} 40. ^{{cite BAILII| litigants = Bolkiah & Ors v. The State of Brunei Darussalam & Anor (Brunei Darussalam)| link =| court = UKPC| division =| year = 2007| num = 63| date = 8 November 2007| courtname = auto| juris = The Court of Appeal of Brunei Darussalam}} Retrieved 9 November 2010. 41. ^{{cite news | last = Walsh | first = Dominic | url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/leisure/article4412709.ece | title = New York Palace joins Dorchester stable | publisher = The Times | location = London | date = 28 July 2008 | accessdate =10 October 2010 }} 42. ^{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7450412.stm | title = Arrest warrant for Brunei prince | publisher = BBC News | date = 12 June 2008 | accessdate =1 October 2010 }} 43. ^{{cite web | url = http://graphics.thomsonreuters.com/F/11/Transcript.pdf | format = PDF | title = Transcript of proceedings of 11 June 2008, Brunei v. Bolkiah, High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Claim No. HC00007888 | publisher = thomsonreuters.com | access-date = 10 December 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007121156/http://graphics.thomsonreuters.com/F/11/Transcript.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2011 | dead-url = yes | df = dmy-all }} 44. ^{{cite news | last = Hosenball | first = Mark | authorlink = Mark Hosenball | url = http://blogs.reuters.com/the-deep-end/2010/11/04/the-fresh-prince-of-brunei/ | title = The fresh Prince of Brunei | publisher = reuters.com | date = 4 November 2010 | accessdate = 9 November 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101107082330/http://blogs.reuters.com/the-deep-end/2010/11/04/the-fresh-prince-of-brunei/ | archivedate = 7 November 2010 | df = dmy-all }} 45. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1216520/Sultan-Brunei-buries-hatchet-playboy-prince-brother.html | title = Sultan of Brunei buries the hatchet with his playboy brother | publisher = Mail Online | date = 28 September 2009 | accessdate =20 October 2010 | first=Richard | last=Kay}} 46. ^ {{cite news | last = Stapleton | first = AnneClaire | url = https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/30/asia/brunei-lgbt-death-penalty-intl/index.html | title = Brunei's new anti-gay law goes into effect this week. Here's how the world is reacting | publisher = CNN | date = 30 March 2019 | accessdate = 31 March 2019 }} 47. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47769964?ocid=global_bbccom_email_02042019_top+news+stories|title=Brunei implements stoning to death under new anti-LGBT laws|last=Tan|first=Yvette|date=3 April 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=3 April 2019}} 48. ^{{cite web|author=Michael Sheehan |url=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2011/03/the-sultan-of-bruneis-rotting-supercar-collection/ |title=The Sultan Of Brunei's Rotting Supercar Collection | Gizmodo Australia |publisher=Gizmodo.com.au |date= |accessdate=22 July 2017}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/03/12/president-obamas-bilateral-meeting-his-majesty-sultan-brunei |title=President Obama Meets with the Sultan of Brunei |publisher=whitehouse.gov |date=12 March 2013 |accessdate=22 July 2017}} 50. ^{{cite web|author=800.357.9800 |url=http://www.cigar.com/cigars/viewcigar.asp?brand=398 |title=Cigars |publisher=CIGAR.com |date= |accessdate=22 July 2017}} 51. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/22/meet-the-worlds-other-25-royal-families/ Meet the world's other 25 royal families] 52. ^The Sultan of Brunei Intends to Stone Adulterers (Wait, What Century Is This?) by Charlie Campbell 7 March 2014 Time magazine 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1980.pdf|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1980}} 54. ^Sultan of Brunei 55. ^Noblesse et Royautés {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125032511/http://www.noblesseetroyautes.com/nr01/2013/01/diner-de-gala-au-palais-du-sultan-de-brunei |date=25 January 2013 }} (French), State visit of Netherlands in Brunei, [https://archive.is/20130216143110/http://www.noblesseetroyautes.com/nr01/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PPE13012155.jpg Photo] 56. ^[https://d.ibtimes.co.uk/en/full/1377388/queen.jpg Order of the Bath] 57. ^1 2 3 4 Royal Ark, Brunei genealogy details - p. 13 External links{{Commons}}
|-{{s-reg}}{{s-bef|before=Omar Ali Saifuddien III}}{{s-ttl|title=Sultan of Brunei|years=1967–present}}{{s-inc|heir=Al-Muhtadee Billah|heir-type=Heir apparent}} |-{{s-dip}}{{s-bef|before=Jenny Shipley}}{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of APEC|years=2000}}{{s-aft|after=Jiang Zemin}}{{s-bef|before=Trần Đức Lương}}{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of ASEAN|years=2001}}{{s-aft|after=Hun Sen}}{{s-bef|before=Hun Sen}}{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of ASEAN|years=2013}}{{s-aft|after=Thein Sein}} |-{{s-ach|rec|}}{{s-bef|before=Bill Gates}}{{s-ttl|title=Richest Person in the World|years=1997}}{{s-aft|after=Bill Gates}}{{s-end}}{{Sultans of Brunei}}{{Current sovereigns}}{{Commonwealth heads of government}}{{Current ASEAN Leaders}}{{Current APEC Leaders}}{{ASEAN Foreign}}{{ASEAN Finance}}{{APEC Foreign Ministers}}{{APEC Finance Ministers}}{{Current Brunei Cabinet}}{{PLH Recipients}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bolkiah, Hassanal}} 21 : 1946 births|Bruneian Muslims|Car collectors|Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Living people|Members of the Legislative Council of Brunei|Muslim monarchs|Anti-Christian sentiment in Asia|People from Binfield|Royal Air Force air marshals|Sultans of Brunei|Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George|Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath|Recipients of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali|Recipients of the Order of Muhammad|Honorary Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm|Collars of the Order of Mubarak the Great|Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan|First Classes of Royal Family Order of Selangor|Bruneian billionaires |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。