| 词条 | Robert Barro |
| 释义 |
| name = Robert Barro | school_tradition = New classical macroeconomics | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|9|28|mf=y}} | birth_place = New York | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = United States | institution = Harvard University | field = Macroeconomics | alma_mater = Harvard University (PhD 1970) California Institute of Technology (B.S. 1965) | doctoral_advisor = Zvi Griliches | academic_advisors= | doctoral_students= Zvi Hercowitz Xavier Sala-i-Martin[1] Xavier Gabaix[2] George-Marios Angeletos[3] Emi Nakamura[4] | notable_students = | influences = David Ricardo Robert Lucas, Jr. | influenced = Gary Gorton Alberto Alesina | contributions = Ricardan Equivalence Hypothesis Economic growth Time consistency | awards = | signature = | repec_prefix = f | repec_id = pba251 | spouse = Rachel McCleary }} Robert Joseph Barro (born September 28, 1944) is an American macroeconomist and the Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard University. The Research Papers in Economics project ranked him as the fifth most influential economist in the world, as of March 2016, based on his academic contributions.[5] Barro is considered one of the founders of new classical macroeconomics, along with Robert Lucas, Jr. and Thomas J. Sargent.[6] He is currently a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution and co-editor of the Quarterly Journal of Economics, the top journal in economics in terms of its impact factor. Academic careerBarro graduated with a B.S. in physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1965, where he learned under Richard Feynman, but he realized he "wouldn't be close to the top in those fields."[7] He then turned to economics and earned a PhD from Harvard University in 1970. He first reached wide notice with a 1974 paper, "Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?" It argued that under certain assumptions, present governmental borrowing would be matched by increased bequests to future generations to pay future taxes expected to pay down the government bonds; thus a lowering of current taxes, financed by the issuance of government bonds, would have no effect on the public’s spending on consumer goods. The paper was in direct response to Alan Blinder and Robert Solow's results, which had implied that the long term implications of government borrowing would be compensated for by the wealth effect. The paper is among the most cited in macroeconomics. Its implications of his Ricardian equivalence are still being debated.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Barro collaborated with Herschel Grossman to produce the influential 1971 article "A General Disequilibrium Model of Income and Employment,"[8] which for many years held the distinction of being the most cited article published in the American Economic Review.[9] The article explored the idea that disequilibrium in one market can have spillover effects to another market, creating a distinction between notional demand and effective demand. Barro and Grossman expanded on their work and produced the classic textbook Money, Employment, and Inflation in 1976.[10] In 1976, he authored another influential paper, "Rational expectations and the role of monetary policy" in which he argued that information asymmetries would cause real effects as rational economic actors in response to uncertainty but not in response to expected monetary policy changes. In it and other essays, he investigated the real effects of monetary changes through which he could significantly contribute to the clarification of the exact circumstances of the validity of the policy-ineffectiveness proposition. While he has revisited the topic since then and critically appraised the paper, it was important in integrating the role of money into neoclassical economics and into the synthesis of general equilibrium and macroeconomic models.[11] In 1983, he applied the information asymmetry argument to the role of central banks and concluded that central banks, to have credibility in inflation fighting, must be locked into inflation targets that they cannot violate to reduce unemployment. In the 1970s, economist Arthur Okun developed the concept of the Misery Index, which Jimmy Carter publicized during his 1976 presidential campaign, and Ronald Reagan did the same in his 1980 presidential campaign. Numerous sources incorrectly credit Barro with this because of the similarity of name with his own "Barro Misery Index." Barro's version first appeared in a 1999 BusinessWeek article.[12] His 1984 Macroeconomics textbook remains a standard for explaining the subject, and his 1995 book, with Columbia University economist Xavier Sala-i-Martin, on Economic Growth, is a widely cited and read graduate-level textbook on the theory and evidence concerning long-run economic growth. Barro's research in the 1990s was focused mainly on the theoretical and empirical determinants of growth: he gave fundamental contributions to the theory of endogenous growth, with particular attention to the links between innovation and public investment on one side and growth on the other side. He was a pioneer in the econometric analysis of the main factors associated with growth in the modern era.[13] He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1988.[14] Another often-cited work is a 1988 paper that he coauthored with Gary Becker, "A Reformulation of the Economic Theory of Fertility" published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, which is influential in thinking about "infinite time horizon" modelling. Subsequently, Barro began investigating the influence of religion and popular culture on political economy by working with his wife, Rachel McCleary. Barro believes that the Keynesian multiplier is less than one. He believes that for every dollar the government borrows and spends, spending elsewhere in the economy falls by almost the same amount.[15] Barro's work has been central to many of the economic and public policy debates of the last 30 years, including business cycle theory, growth theory, the neoclassical synthesis and public policy. Barro is doctor honoris causa from Universidad Francisco Marroquin.[16] Finally, Barro has been an outspoken opponent of stimulus spending, calling Obama's stimulus bill "garbage" and "the worst bill since the 1930s."[17][18][19] Personal lifeRobert Barro is married to Rachel McCleary. Together they have made critical contributions to the field of religion and economics. McCleary holds a doctorate from the University of Chicago and teaches at Harvard. Barro has two daughters, Jennifer and Lisa, and two sons, Jason and Josh. Jennifer is a gastroenterologist in Greenwich, Connecticut. She received her medical degree from Stanford University School of Medicine in 1998. Lisa studied fine arts as an undergraduate at Harvard, has a master's in art conservation from New York University and is now a photo conservator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Jason received a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard. He now has a senior position with Bain Consulting in New York. Josh has an undergraduate degree in psychology from Harvard and is now a journalist at The New York Times. He also appears often on MSNBC. In 2012, Forbes selected him as one of the "30 Under 30" media "brightest stars under the age of 30."[20] David Brooks listed him as part of the "vibrant and increasingly influential center-right conversation."[21] Selected bibliographyBooks
Articles
References1. ^Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. On Growth and States. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1990 2. ^Xavier Gabaix's Vita 3. ^Angeletos's CV 4. ^Nakamura's CV 5. ^{{Cite web | url=https://ideas.repec.org/top/old/1603/top.person.alldetail.html | title=Economist Rankings at IDEAS}} 6. ^{{cite book |title=Productivity growth, inflation, and unemployment: The collected essays of Robert J. Gordon |editor=Solow, Robert |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-53142-9 |pages=226–227 }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2007/09/people.htm |title=Topping the Charts: Prakash Loungani profiles Harvard macroeconomist Robert Barro |publisher=Imf.org |date=September 1, 2007 |accessdate= June 5, 2012}} 8. ^{{cite journal | last1=Barro | first1=Robert J.| first2= Herschel I. | last2= Grossman | year=1971 |title=A General Disequilibrium Model of Income and Employment| journal=American Economic Review | issue=1 | volume=61| pages=82–93}} 9. ^Spolaore (2008). 10. ^Kolmar, 803. 11. ^{{cite book |last=Galbács |first=Peter |title=The Theory of New Classical Macroeconomics. A Positive Critique |location=Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn= 978-3-319-17578-2 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-17578-2 |series=Contributions to Economics }} 12. ^{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Barro |title=Reagan vs. Clinton: Who's the Economic Champ? |url=http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1999/b3617053.arc.htm |work=BusinessWeek |date=February 22, 1999 }} 13. ^"Interview with Robert J. Barro" at Francisco Marroquin University. Guatemala, May 2007 14. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=May 17, 2011}} 15. ^{{cite news|last=Cassidy|first=John|title=The Demand Doctor|newspaper=The New Yorker|date=October 10, 2011}} 16. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.newmedia.ufm.edu/gsm/index.php?title=Doctorado_Honor%C3%ADfico_a_Robert_J._Barro_durante_el_Acto_de_Graduaci%C3%B3n_(2007) | title=Doctorado Honorífico a Robert J. Barro durante el Acto de Graduación (2007)}} 17. ^{{cite news|last=Barro |first=Robert J. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704751304575079260144504040 |title="The Stimulus Evidence One Year On" Economist Robert Barro, Harvard University, WSJ |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=February 23, 2010 |accessdate= June 5, 2012}} 18. ^{{cite news|last=Barro |first=Robert J. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704471504574440723298786310 |title="Stimulus Spending Doesn't Work" Economist Robert Barro, Harvard University, WSJ |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 1, 2009 |accessdate= June 5, 2012}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/02/19/milton-friedman-keynes-opinions-columnists_paul_samuelson.html |title=Paul Samuelson Vs. Milton Friedman |work=Forbes |date=February 19, 2009 |accessdate= June 5, 2012 |first=Peter |last=Robinson}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2012/30-under-30/30-under-30_media.html|title=30 Under 30 – Media|last=Caroline Howard and Michael Noer (eds)|date=17 December 2012|work=Forbes|accessdate=27 March 2013}} 21. ^{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=David|title=The Conservative Future|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/opinion/brooks-the-conservative-future.html|accessdate=27 March 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=19 November 2012}} External links{{wikiquote}}
17 : 1944 births|Living people|Scientists from New York City|Economists from New York (state)|20th-century American economists|21st-century American economists|Macroeconomists|New classical economists|California Institute of Technology alumni|Harvard University alumni|Harvard University faculty|Fellows of the Econometric Society|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Guggenheim Fellows|Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association|Economics journal editors|National Bureau of Economic Research |
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