| 词条 | Robert Cantwell |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Robert Cantwell | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Robert Emmett Cantwell | birth_date = January 31, 1908 | birth_place = Little Falls (now Vader), Washington, US | death_date = {{Death date and age|1978|12|08|1908|01|31}} | death_place = New York City, US | residence = | nationality = | other_names = Robert Simmons (pen name) | ethnicity = | citizenship = American | education = | alma_mater = University of Washington | occupation = Novelist, biographer, essayist, editor | years_active = 1929–1978 | employer = TIME, Fortune, Newsweek, Sports Illustrated | organization = | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = The Land of Plenty (1934) | style = | home_town = | party = | movement = | opponents = | religion = | denomination = | spouse = Mary Elizabeth Chambers | partner = | children = 3 | relatives = | website = }}Robert Emmett Cantwell (January 31, 1908 – December 8, 1978), known as Robert Cantwell, was a novelist and critic. His most notable work, The Land of Plenty, focuses on a lumber mill in a thinly disguised version of his hometown in Washington state.[1][2][3][4][5][6] BackgroundIn 1919, the massacre during a strike in nearby Centralia, Washington, deeply disturbed him and left a lasting impression that appeared in his major writings.[1][3] He attended the University of Washington (1924−1925) and then spent the next four years working at Harbor Plywood Co., (1925−1929) in Hoquiam, Washington.[2] CareerIn 1929, after selling a short story "Hanging by My Thumbs" to The New American Caravan, he moved (with help from childhood friend Calvin Fixx) to New York City, landed a book contract with Farrar and Rinehart, and began work on his first novel, Laugh and Lie Down (1931). From 1930 to 1935 (and during the Great Depression), he wrote a second novel, The Land of Plenty (1934). He published a number of short stories in The Miscellany, American Caravan, Pagany, and The New Republic. In December 1933, he accepted work already passed over by Whittaker Chambers, namely to co-write a biography of Boston's E. A. Filene, in collaboration with Lincoln Steffens. The same month, Steffens suffered a heart-attack and died in 1936; Cantwell handed the manuscript to Filene in 1937. Meantime, to support himself while writing, Cantwell took on regular-paying jobs. From November 1932 until its close in 1935, he worked as literary editor of New Outlook magazine.[1][2] He also wrote for the New Masses under pen name "Robert Simmons."[3][7] At some point between 1933 and 1936, he worked as assistant literary editor at The New Republic under Malcolm Cowley, who was literary editor, according to Mary McCarthy in her 1992 posthumous Intellectual Memoirs: New York, 1936–1938; McCarthy also remembers him in the mid-1930s as "a Communist, a real member."[8] Time magazineOn April 23, 1935 and through 1936, Cantwell joined the editorial staff of Time as book reviewer. In 1937, he joined Time's sister magazine, Fortune. In 1938, he returned to Time as associate editor (1938−1945). In 1939, he helped his friend Chambers get his old job as book reviewer.[1][2] In 1940, William Saroyan lists Cantwell among "associate editors" at Time in Saroyan's play, Love's Old Sweet Song.[9] In 1941, Cantwell suffered a nervous breakdown. He took off work and received treatment at the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum.[10] He spent three years onresearching and writing the biography, Nathaniel Hawthorne: The American Years (1948).[1][2] From 1949 to 1954 he worked as the literary editor of Newsweek. Sports Illustrated magazineIn 1954, he took up freelancing again until 1956 when he began an association with Sports Illustrated.[1][2] He worked for the magazine from 1956 until his death in 1978. He worked on a number of articles, three of which became books: Alexander Wilson: Naturalist and Pioneer (1961), The Real McCoy (1971), and The Hidden Northwest (1972). Subjects of his articles include chess, ornithology, sports in the movies and literary figures in sports.[1][2] Personal life and deathUpon publication of his first short story "Hanging by My Thumbs," Cantwell began to meet New York writers and editors like Edmund Wilson, Malcolm Cowley, John Chamberlain, Erskine Caldwell, Matthew Josephson, and Harry Hansen. Over time, his circle expanded to include James T. Farrell, Meyer Schapiro, John Dos Passos, Newton Arvin, Kenneth Burke, Granville Hicks, Kenneth Fearing, Fred Dupee, Elof Holmlund, and Whittaker Chambers.[1] In the 1930s, "after he settled in New York, Cantwell was always short of money and therefore generally in a rush to finish a piece and get paid... All the more remarkable, then, that his short stories are of such a generally high aesthetic quality."[1] Cantwell dismissed his radical affiliations of youth obliquely in later life, saying "I had no interest in politics" and no (public) political aspirations. Nevertheless, his circles in the 1930s a strong Leftist one that included Schapiro (Marxist), Cowley (Communist Party fellow traveller), Holmlund and Calvin Fixx (Communist Party members), and Chambers (Soviet spy). Further, his correspondence shows a strong interest, for example, in the CPUSA ticket for 1932 elections, which included William Z. Foster for president and James W. Ford for vice president. He also joined the League of Professional Writers for Foster and Ford. (Cantwell noted that he voted for Roosevelt so he would not "throw away" his vote.) Also in the Fall of 1932, he traveled to Washington, DC, with Cowley to cover the National Hunger March for The New Republic. Biographer Per Seyersted concluded, "That Cantwell did not use correct Marxist terminology would seem to indicate that he was no CP member, that however to the left he was and in sympathy with the Party's aims, he was an independent person doing his own thinking."[1] He died in 1978, aged 70, in St. Luke's hospital in New York City, after suffering a heart attack two weeks earlier.[2][6] In his obituary, Sports Illustrated wrote: Bob Cantwell was with us during the last 22 years of his life, in which he wrote dozens of memorable articles, among them a portrayal of Cecil Smith, the Texas cowboy who became perhaps the greatest polo player the world has ever seen. When Cantwell wrote of Banjo Paterson, the virtually unknown author of Waltzing Matilda, he made sure that a colorful footnote to history was not going to be lost, at least not to SI readers. As he once said, "History is a natural resource, just as much as fossil fuel. It's what is there. We should not ignore it."Cantwell's correspondence includes: James T. Farrell, John Dos Passos, Ernest Hemingway, Van Wyck Brooks, Erskine Caldwell, Malcolm Cowley, Henry Luce, Clare Boothe Luce, Marianne Moore, T. S. Matthews, and Edmund Wilson. ImpactLiteratureErnest Hemingway considered Cantwell "his best bet" in American fiction.[1][12]F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote of Cantwell's first short story, "Hanging by My Thumbs": "Mark it well, for my guess is that he's learned a better lesson from Proust than Thornton Wilder did and has a destiny of no mean star."[1][13]T. S. Matthews wrote, "Before I met him, I knew that he was reported to be the best book reviewer in New York; after only three book reviews, everybody admitted it."[1]Time magazineCantwell, his close colleagues, and many staff members as of the 1930s helped elevate TIME–"interstitial intellectuals," as historian Robert Vanderlan has called them.[14] Colleague John Hersey described them as follows: Time was in an interesting phase; an editor named Tom Matthews had gathered a brilliant group of writers, including James Agee, Robert Fitzgerald, Whittaker Chambers, Robert Cantwell, Louis Kronenberger, and Calvin Fixx... They were dazzling. Time’s style was still very hokey—“backward ran sentences till reeled the mind”—but I could tell, even as a neophyte, who had written each of the pieces in the magazine, because each of these writers had such a distinctive voice.[15] Hiss CaseWhen Chambers went into the Soviet underground in mid-1932, Cantwell knew; he declined to let Chambers use his home as a letter drop. In April 1934, Cantwell met Chambers' underground comrade, John Loomis Sherman, whom he knew as "Phillips." For the rest of his life, Cantwell would remain unclear about just how much he knew about or was involved in Chambers' underground activities. In May 1934, when Chambers started working with the Ware Group (according to Cantwell's papers), Cantwell accompanied him; about this time, Chambers let Cantwell know that he was using the alias "Lloyd Cantwell" in Baltimore. Biographer Seyersted notes that in his 1952 memoir Witness, Chambers may have changed dates for his first meetings in Washington for the Ware Group to June and later in order to protect Cantwell.[1] Cantwell helped get Whittaker Chambers a job at TIME magazine, as Chambers recounted in his memoirs: The morning mail brought a letter from my friend, Robert Cantwell, the author of Laugh and Lie Down, and later, the biographer of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Cantwell was then one of the editors of Time magazine... But his letter... urged me to go to New York at once. As sometimes happens at Time, several jobs were suddenly open. Cantwell thought that I might get one of them... Cantwell thought I should try for a book reviewer's job. I wrote several trial reviews. A few days later, Time hired me.[16]Chambers had used the alias "Lloyd Cantwell" during his time in the Soviet underground, including the formation of the American Feature Writers Syndicate with comrade John Loomis Sherman (using the alias Charles Francis Chase) and literary agent Maxim Lieber.[16] During the Hiss Case, Cantwell's name came up, and he found himself under FBI surveillance. When Chambers published his memoirs, Cantwell wrote a negative review.[1] Cantwell's mental breakdown in 1941 plus Chambers' use of his surname in the 1930s may well have led the Hiss defense team to conflate the two Cantwells and thus question Chambers' own sanity.[3] ("Is he a man of sanity?" Hiss publicly questioned as early as August 25, 1948.[17]) In later years, Cantwell would express skepticism that Chambers even was in the underground; at others, he would express great fear of Soviet retribution (for Chambers' defection–and Cantwell's role in it?).[1] WorksOriginal Works:
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 {{cite book| first = Per| last = Seyersted| title = Robert Cantwell: An American 1930s Radical Writer and His Apostasy| publisher = Novus Press| place = Oslo| url = http://novus.mamutweb.com/Shop/Search?q=101034&page=1&pSort=Name%7Ctrue| pages = 12 (Centralia)| isbn = 978-82-7099-397-0| date = 2004}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |url= http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv41731|title= Guide to the Robert Cantwell Papers 1926−1978|author1=Agapito, Aggie |author2=Kihunrwa, Aika-Maria |date= 2004 |website= |publisher= Archives West - Orbis Cascade Alliance|accessdate=May 24, 2010}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book| first = T.V| last = Reed| title = Robert Cantwell and the Literary Left: A Northwest Writer Reworks American Fiction| publisher = University of Washington| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7DwyBQAAQBAJ| pages = 23 (Centralia), 50 (Robert Simmons)| date = 2014| accessdate = 15 December 2016| isbn = 9780295805047}} 4. ^{{cite book| first = Merrill| last = Lewis| title = Robert Cantwell| publisher = Boise State University| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zElaAAAAMAAJ | pages = | date = 1985| accessdate = 15 December 2016}} 5. ^{{cite news |title=Literary Editor And Writer at 2 Magazines |work=Washington Post |url= |page=B12 |date = 10 December 1978|accessdate=4 February 2009}} 6. ^1 {{cite news| title = Robert Cantwell: Literary Editor and Writer at 2 Magazines| newspaper = Washington Post| page = B12| date = 10 December 1976| accessdate = 16 December 2016}} 7. ^{{cite book| title = Lineages of the Literary Left: Essays in Honor of Alan Wald| publisher = Maize Books| url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/maize/13545968.0001.001/1:15/--lineages-of-the-literary-left-essays-in-honor-of-alan-m-wald?rgn=div1;view=fulltext#N8_36| date = 2014| accessdate = 27 April 2017| doi = 10.3998/maize.13545968.0001.001| isbn = 978-1-60785-345-9}} 8. ^{{cite book| first = Mary| last = McCarthy| authorlink = Mary McCarthy (author)| editor = Elizabeth Hardwick| title = Intellectual Memoirs: New York, 1936–1938| publisher = Harcourt Brace Jovanovich| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KP9aAAAAMAAJ| pages = 7| date = 1992 | accessdate = 9 February 2019}} 9. ^{{cite book| first = William | last = Saroyan| authorlink = William Saroyan| title = Love's Old Sweet Song: A Play in Three Acts| publisher = Samuel French| url = https://archive.org/stream/lovesoldsweetson013163mbp/lovesoldsweetson013163mbp_djvu.txt| page = 72| date = 1940| accessdate = 15 July 2017}} 10. ^{{cite web| first = R. Bruce| last = Craig| title = The Hiss-Chambers Controversy: Records of the House Un-American Activities Committee| publisher = The Alger Hiss Story: A Search for Truth| url = http://algerhiss.com/history/case-closed-maybe-not-21st-century/the-huac-files/on-the-huac-records/| date = 2001| accessdate = 11 June 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Robert E. Cantwell, 70, A Journalist and Author Robert Emmett Cantwell|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1978/12/10/112821238.html?pageNumber=44|work=New York Times|accessdate=2014-09-30|pages=44|date=10 December 1978 |subscription=yes}} 12. ^{{cite book | last = Baker, ed. | first = Carlos | title = Ernest Hemingway, Selected Letters, 1917−1961 | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | year = 1981 | pages = 709 | isbn = 978-0-684-16765-7 }} 13. ^1 {{cite news| first = Kelso F. | last = Sutton| title = Letter From The Publisher| publisher = Sports Illustrated| url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1094427/index.htm| date = 18 December 1978}} 14. ^{{cite book| first = Robert| last = Vanderlan| title = Intellectuals Incorporated: Politics, Art, and Ideas Inside Henry Luce's Media Empire| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g82OAyn-HKkC| page = 239| date = 2011| accessdate = 15 December 2016| isbn = 978-0812205633}} 15. ^{{cite journal| first = Jonathan| last = Dee| title = John Hersey, The Art of Fiction No. 92| journal = The Paris Review| volume = Summer-Fall 1986| issue = 100| url = http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2756/john-hersey-the-art-of-fiction-no-92-john-hersey| page = | date = 1986| accessdate = 16 December 2016}} 16. ^1 {{Cite book | last = Chambers | first = Whittaker | title = Witness | publisher = Random House | year = 1952 | location = New York | pages = 85–86 (Robert Cantwell), 365–366 (Lloyd Cantwell) | url = http://lccn.loc.gov/52005149}} 17. ^{{cite web| title = Hearings regarding Communist espionage in the United States Government| publisher = US Government Printing Office (GPO)| url = https://archive.org/stream/hearingsregardin1948unit | page = 1167| date = 22 October 1948| accessdate = 16 December 2016}} 18. ^{{cite web| first = Robert| last = Cantwell| title = Nathaniel Hawthorne| publisher = Rinehart| url = https://lccn.loc.gov/48004681| date = 1948| accessdate = 26 March 2017}} 19. ^{{cite journal| title = A Real Man's Life| journal = Time| url = http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,799289,00.html| date = 4 October 1948| accessdate = 26 March 2017}} 20. ^{{cite journal| first = Robert| last = Cantwell| title = What the Working Class Reads| journal = The New Republic| url = https://newrepublic.com/article/90628/what-the-working-class-reads| date = 17 July 1935| accessdate = 11 December 2016}} 21. ^{{cite journal| first = Robert| last = Cantwell| title = The Communists and the CIO| journal = The New Republic| url = https://newrepublic.com/article/104585/the-communists-and-the-cio| date = 23 February 1938| accessdate = 11 December 2016}} 22. ^{{cite web| title = Articles by Robert Cantwell| newspaper = Sport Illustrated| url = https://www.si.com/vault-authors/robert-cantwell| date = | accessdate = 11 December 2016}} External sources
| first = Merrill | last = Lewis | title = Robert Cantwell | publisher = Boise State University | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zElaAAAAMAAJ | pages = | date = 1985 | accessdate = 15 December 2016}}
| first = T.V | last = Reed | title = Robert Cantwell and the Literary Left: A Northwest Writer Reworks American Fiction | publisher = University of Washington | url = http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/REECRI.html | pages = | date = 2014 | accessdate = 15 December 2016}}
| first = Per | last = Seyersted | title = Robert Cantwell: An American 1930s Radical Writer and His Apostasy | publisher = Novus Press | place = Oslo | url = http://novus.mamutweb.com/Shop/Search?q=101034&page=1&pSort=Name%7Ctrue | isbn = 978-82-7099-397-0 | date = 2004}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cantwell, Robert}}Per Seyersted 10 : 20th-century American novelists|1908 births|1978 deaths|American literary critics|Novelists from Washington (state)|University of Washington alumni|American male novelists|20th-century American male writers|20th-century American non-fiction writers|American male non-fiction writers |
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