1. Early years

2. Career
    Spanish Civil War, 1936   Chinese resistance to Imperial Japan, 1938    World War II    D-Day, Omaha beach, 1944    "The picture of the last man to die"    Post-war Soviet Union, 1947   Magnum Photos agency, 1947  Founding of Israel, 1948  Documenting film productions, 1953  First Indochina War and death, 1954 

3. Personal life

4. Legacy

5. Politics

6. In popular culture

7. Publications
    Publications by Capa  Publications with others  Publications about Capa 

8. Notes

9. References

10. External links

Capa fled political repression in Hungary when he was a teenager, moving to Berlin, where he enrolled in college. He witnessed the rise of Hitler, which led him to move to Paris, where he met and began to work with Gerta Pohorylle. Together they worked under the alias Robert Capa and became photojournalists. Though she contributed to much of the early work, she quickly created her own alias 'Gerda Taro' and they began to publish their work separately. He subsequently covered five wars: the Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II across Europe, the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the First Indochina War, with his photos published in major magazines and newspapers.^[3]

During his career he risked his life numerous times, most dramatically as the only civilian photographer landing on Omaha Beach on D-Day. He documented the course of World War II in London, North Africa, Italy, and the liberation of Paris. His friends and colleagues included Ernest Hemingway, Irwin Shaw, John Steinbeck and director John Huston.

In 1947, for his work recording World War II in pictures, U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower awarded Capa the Medal of Freedom. That same year, Capa co-founded Magnum Photos in Paris. The organization was the first cooperative agency for worldwide freelance photographers. Hungary has issued a stamp and a gold coin in his honor.

Early years

Capa was born Endre Friedmann to the Jewish family of Júlia (née Berkovits) and Dezső Friedmann in Budapest, Austria-Hungary on October 22, 1913.^[2] His mother, Julianna Henrietta Berkovits was a native of Nagykapos (now Veľké Kapušany, Slovakia) and Dezső Friedmann came from the Transylvanian village of Csucsa (now Ciucea, Romania).^[2] At the age of 18, he was accused of alleged communist sympathies and was forced to flee Hungary.^[4]{{rp|154}}

He moved to Berlin where he enrolled at Berlin University where he worked part-time as a darkroom assistant for income and then became a staff photographer for the German photographic agency, Dephot.^[4]{{rp|154}} It was during that period that the Nazi Party came into power, which made Capa, a Jew, decide to leave Germany and move to Paris.^[4]{{rp|154}}

He became professionally involved with Gerta Pohorylle, later known as Gerda Taro,^[5] a German-Jewish photographer who had moved to Paris for the same reasons he did.^[4]{{rp|154}}^[6] The two of them decided to work under the alias Capa at this time. The two of them later separated aliases and published their work independently. Capa and Taro developed a romantic relationship alongside their professional one. Capa proposed and Taro refused, but they continued their involvement. He also shared a darkroom with French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson, with whom he would later co-found the Magnum Photos cooperative.^[4]{{rp|154}}^[7]

Capa's first published photograph was of Leon Trotsky making a speech in Copenhagen on "The Meaning of the Russian Revolution" in 1932.^[8]

Career

Spanish Civil War, 1936

From 1936 to 1939, Capa worked in Spain, photographing the Spanish Civil War, along with Gerda Taro, his companion and professional photography partner, and David Seymour.^[9] Taro died when the motor vehicle on which she was travelling (apparently standing on the footboard) collided with an out-of-control tank. She had been returning from a photographic assignment covering the Battle of Brunete.^[4]

It was during that war that Capa took the photo now called "The Falling Soldier", purporting to show the death of a Republican soldier. The photo was published in magazines in France and then by Life magazine and Picture Post.^[10] The authenticity of the photo was later questioned, with evidence including other photos from the scene suggesting it was staged.{{efn|The authenticity of the photograph is today in doubt, with some questioning its location, the identity of its subject, and the discovery of staged photographs taken at the same time and place.^[11][12][13]}} Picture Post, a pioneering photojournalism magazine published in the United Kingdom, had once described then twenty-five year old Capa as "the greatest war photographer in the world."^[4]{{rp|155}}

Capa accompanied then journalist and author Ernest Hemingway to photograph the war, which Hemingway would later describe in his novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940).^[14] Life magazine published an article about Hemingway and his time in Spain, along with numerous photos by Capa.^[15]

In December 2007, three boxes filled with rolls of film, containing 4,500 35mm negatives of the Spanish Civil War by Capa, Taro, and Chim (David Seymour), which had been considered lost since 1939, were discovered in Mexico.^{[16][17][18][19][20]} In 2011, Trisha Ziff directed a film about those images, entitled The Mexican Suitcase.^[21]{{quote box

Chinese resistance to Imperial Japan, 1938

In 1938, he traveled to the Chinese city of Hankou, now within Wuhan, to document the resistance to the Japanese invasion.^[22] He sent his images to Life magazine, which published some of them in its May 23, 1938 issue.^[23]

World War II

At the start of World War II, Capa was in New York City, having moved there from Paris to look for work, and to escape Nazi persecution. During the war, Capa was sent to various parts of the European Theatre on photography assignments.^[24] He first photographed for Collier's Weekly, before switching to Life after he was fired by Collier's. He was the only "enemy alien" photographer for the Allies.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} On October 7, 1943 Robert Capa was in Naples with Life reporter Will Lang Jr., and there he photographed the Naples post office bombing.^[25]

D-Day, Omaha beach, 1944

A group of images known as the "The Magnificent Eleven" were taken by Capa on D-Day.^[26] Taking part in the Allied invasion, Capa was attached to the 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division ("Big Red One") on Omaha Beach.^[27][7][28] The US personnel attacking Omaha Beach faced some of the heaviest resistance from German troops inside the bunkers of the Atlantic Wall. Photographic historian A. D. Coleman has suggested that Capa traveled to the beach in the same landing craft as Colonel George A. Taylor, commander of the 16th Infantry Regiment, who landed 1½ hours after the first wave, near Colleville-sur-Mer.^[29]

Capa stated subsequently that he took 106 pictures and all but 11 were destroyed, when his cameras became waterlogged at Normandy,^[7] and/or in a subsequent photo lab accident in London.^[30] However, this narrative has been challenged by Coleman and others.^[29] In 2016, John G. Morris, who was picture editor at the London bureau of Life in 1944, agreed that it was more likely that Capa captured 11 images in total on D-Day.^[31][32] The 11 prints were included in Life magazine's issue on June 19, 1944,^[33] with captions written by magazine staffers, as Capa did not provide Life with notes or a verbal description of what they showed.^[29]

The captions have since been shown to be erroneous, as were subsequent descriptions of the images by Capa himself.^[29] For example, men described by Life as taking cover behind a hedgehog obstacle were members of Gap Assault Team 10 – a combined US Navy/US Army demolition unit tasked with blowing up obstacles and clearing the way for landing craft.^[29][34]

"The picture of the last man to die"

On April 18, 1945, Capa captured images of a fight to secure a bridge in Leipzig, Germany. These pictures included an image of Raymond J. Bowman's death by sniper fire. This image was published in a spread in Life magazine with the caption "The picture of the last man to die."^[35]

Post-war Soviet Union, 1947

In 1947 Capa traveled to the Soviet Union with his friend, the American writer John Steinbeck.^[52] They originally met when they shared a room in an Algiers hotel with other war correspondents before the Allied invasion of Italy in 1943.^[52] They reconnected in New York, where Steinbeck told him he was thinking about visiting the Soviet Union, now that the war was over.^[52]

Capa suggested they go there together and collaborate on a book, with Capa documenting the war-torn nation with photographs.^[36] The trip resulted in Steinbeck's, A Russian Journal, which was published both as a book and a syndicated newspaper serial.^[52] Photos were taken in Moscow, Kiev, Tbilisi, Batumi and among the ruins of Stalingrad.^{[37][38][39][40]} They remained good friends until Capa's death; Steinbeck took the news of Capa's death very hard.^[37][41]

Magnum Photos agency, 1947

In 1947, Capa founded the cooperative venture Magnum Photos in Paris with Henri Cartier-Bresson, William Vandivert, David Seymour, and George Rodger. It was a cooperative agency to manage work for and by freelance photographers, and developed a reputation for the excellence of its photo-journalists. In 1952, he became the president.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Founding of Israel, 1948

Capa toured Israel during its founding and while it was being attacked by neighboring states. He took the numerous photographs that accompanied Irwin Shaw's book, Report on Israel.^[42]

Documenting film productions, 1953

In 1953 he joined screenwriter Truman Capote and director John Huston in Italy where Capa was assigned to photograph the making of the film, Beat the Devil.^[43] During their off time they, and star Humphrey Bogart, would enjoy playing poker.^[44][45]

First Indochina War and death, 1954

In the early 1950s, Capa traveled to Japan for an exhibition associated with Magnum Photos. While there, Life magazine asked him to go on assignment to Southeast Asia, where the French had been fighting for eight years in the First Indochina War. Although a few years earlier he had said he was finished with war, Capa accepted and accompanied a French regiment with two Time-Life journalists, John Mecklin and Jim Lucas in Thái Bình Province. On 25 May 1954, the regiment was passing through a dangerous area under fire when Capa decided to leave his Jeep and go up the road to photograph the advance. Capa was killed when he stepped on a land mine.^[4]{{rp|155}}^[46]

He was 40 at the time of his death. He is buried in plot #189 at Amawalk Hill Cemetery (also called Friends Cemetery), Amawalk, Westchester County, New York along with his mother, Julia, and his brother, Cornell Capa.

Personal life

Capa was born into a Jewish family in Budapest,^[47] where his parents were tailors. At the age of 18, Capa moved to Vienna, later relocated to Prague, and finally settled in Berlin: all cities that were centers of artistic and cultural ferment in this period. He started studies in journalism at the German Political College, but the Nazi Party instituted restrictions on Jews and banned them from colleges. Capa relocated to Paris, where he adopted the name 'Robert Capa' in 1934. At that time, he had already been a hobby-photographer.

In 1934 "André Friedman", as he still called himself then, met Gerda Pohorylle, a German Jewish refugee. The couple lived in Paris where André taught Gerda photography. Together they created the name and image of "Robert Capa" as a famous American photographer, and at the beginning of the war both photographers published their work under the pseudonym of Robert Capa.^[48] Gerda took the name Gerda Taro and became successful in her own right. She travelled with Capa to Spain in 1936 intending to document the Spanish Civil War. In July 1937, Capa traveled briefly to Paris while Gerda remained in Madrid. She was killed near Brunete during a battle. Capa, who was reportedly engaged to her, was deeply shocked and never married.

In February 1943 Capa met Elaine Justin, then married to the actor John Justin.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} They fell in love and the relationship lasted until the end of the war. Capa spent most of his time in the frontline. Capa called the redheaded Elaine "Pinky," and wrote about her in his war memoir, Slightly Out of Focus. In 1945, Elaine Justin broke up with Capa; she later married Chuck Romine.

Some months later Capa became the lover of the actress Ingrid Bergman, who was touring in Europe to entertain American soldiers.^[49]p. 176 In December 1945, Capa followed her to Hollywood. The relationship ended in the summer of 1946 when Capa traveled to Turkey.^[7]

Legacy

The government of Hungary issued a postage stamp in Capa's honor in 2013.^[50] That same year it issued a 5,000 forint ($20) gold coin, also in his honor, showing an engraving of Capa.^[51]

His younger brother, Cornell Capa, also a photographer, worked to preserve and promote Robert's legacy as well as develop his own identity and style. He founded the International Fund for Concerned Photography in 1966. To give this collection a permanent home, he founded the International Center of Photography in New York City in 1974. This was one of the foremost and most extensive conservation efforts on photography to be developed. Indeed, Capa and his brother believed strongly in the importance of photography and its preservation, much like film would later be perceived and duly treated in a similar way.

The Overseas Press Club created the Robert Capa Gold Medal in the photographer's honor.^[52]

Capa is known for redefining wartime photojournalism. His work came from the trenches as opposed to the more arms-length perspective that was the precedent. He was famed for saying, "If your photographs aren't good enough, you're not close enough."^[53]

He is credited with coining the term Generation X. He used it as a title for a photo-essay about the young people reaching adulthood immediately after the Second World War. It was published in 1953 in Picture Post (UK) and Holiday (USA). Capa said, "We named this unknown generation, The Generation X, and even in our first enthusiasm we realised that we had something far bigger than our talents and pockets could cope with."^[54]

In 1947, for his work recording World War II in pictures, U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower awarded Capa the Medal of Freedom Citation^[7][55] The International Center of Photography organized a travelling exhibition titled This Is War: Robert Capa at Work, which displayed Capa's innovations as a photojournalist in the 1930s and 1940s. It includes vintage prints, contact sheets, caption sheets, handwritten observations, personal letters and original magazine layouts from the Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. The exhibition appeared at the Barbican Art Gallery, the International Center of Photography of Milan, and the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya in the fall of 2009, before moving to the Nederlands Fotomuseum from October 10, 2009 until January 10, 2010.^[56]

Politics

As a young boy, Capa was drawn to the Munkakör (Employment Circle), a group of socialist and avant-garde artists, photographers, and intellectuals centered around Budapest. He participated in the demonstrations against the Miklós Horthy regime. In 1931, just before his first photo was published, Capa was arrested by the Hungarian secret police, beaten, and jailed for his radical political activity. A police official's wife—who happened to know his family—won Capa's release on the condition that he would leave Hungary immediately.^[8]

The Boston Review has described Capa as "a leftist, and a democrat—he was passionately pro-Loyalist and passionately anti-fascist ..." During the Spanish Civil War, Capa travelled with and photographed the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), which resulted in his best-known photograph.^[8]

The British magazine Picture Post ran his photos from Spain in the 1930s accompanied by a portrait of Capa, in profile, with the simple description: "He is a passionate democrat, and he lives to take photographs."^[8]

In popular culture

• In 2012, the Japanese Female Musical Theater group, Takarazuka Revue, produced a musical piece based on the life of Capa. Ms. Ouki Kaname performed the lead role as Capa. The group performed the musical in 2012 in Takarazuka and Tokyo and in 2014 in Nagoya.
• In Patrick Modiano's novella Afterimage Capa is a mentor for the subject of the novella, Francis Jansen, a photographer who retires to Mexico.
• In Alfred Hitchcock's movie Rear Window, the protagonist L. B. "Jeff" Jefferies (James Stewart) was partly based on Capa.^[57]
• Poet Owen Sheers wrote a poem about Capa, named Happy Accidents. It can be found in the anthology Skirrid Hill.
• In English indie rock group Alt-J's 2012 album An Awesome Wave, the love between Capa and Taro, and the circumstances of his death are described in the last track, Taro
• The Austrian rock singer Falco wrote the song "Kamikaze Cappa" in tribute to Capa.^[58]

Publications

Publications by Capa

• The Battle of Waterloo Road. New York: Random House, 1941. {{OCLC|654774055}}. Photographs by Capa. With a text by Diana Forbes-Robertson.
• Invasion!. New York, London: D. Appleton-Century, 1944. {{OCLC|1022382}}. Photographs by Capa. With text by Charles Wertenbaker.
• Slightly Out of Focus. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1947. New York: Modern Library, 2001. {{ISBN|9780375753961}}. Text and photographs by Capa. With a foreword by Cornell Capa and an introduction by Richard Whelan. A memoir.
• Images of War. New York: Grossman, 1964. Text and photographs by Capa. {{OCLC|284771}}. With a text by John Steinbeck.
• Robert Capa: Photographs. New York: Aperture, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0893816759}}. New York: Aperture, 2004.
• Heart of Spain: Robert Capa's Photographs of the Spanish Civil War. New York: Aperture, 1999. {{ISBN|9780893818319}}. New York: Aperture, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1931788021}}.
• Robert Capa: The Definitive Collection. London, New York: Phaidon, 2001. {{ISBN|9780714840673}}. London, New York: Phaidon, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0714844497}}. Edited by Richard Whelan.
• Robert Capa at Work: This is War!. Göttingen: Steidl, 2009. {{ISBN|9783865219442}}. Photographs by Capa. With a foreword by Willis E. Hartshorn, an introduction by Christopher Phillips, and text by Richard Whelan. Published to accompany an exhibition at the International Center of Photography, New York, September 2007 – January 2008. "A detailed examination of six of Robert Capa's most important war reportages from the first half of his career: the Falling Soldier (1936), Chinese resistance to the Japanese invasion (1938), the end of the Spanish Civil War in Catalonia (1938–39), D-Day, the US paratroop invasion of Germany and the liberation of Leipzig (1945)."^[59]
  • Questa è la Guerra!: Robert Capa al Lavoro. Italy: Contrasto, 2009. {{ISBN|9788869651601}}. Published to accompany an exhibition in Milan, March–June 2009.^[60]

Publications with others

• Death in the Making. New York: Covici Friede, 1938. Photographs by Capa and Taro.
• A Russian Journal. New York: Viking, 1948. Text by Steinbeck, illustrated with photographs by Capa.
• Report on Israel. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1950. By Irwin Shaw and Capa.

Publications about Capa

• Robert Capa: a Biography. New York: Knopf, 1985. By Richard Whelan. {{ISBN|0-394-52488-8}}.
• Blood and Champagne: The Life and Times of Robert Capa. Macmillan, 2002; Thomas Dunne, 2003; {{ISBN|978-0312315641}}. Da Capo Press, 2004; {{ISBN|978-0306813566}}. By Alex Kershaw.
• La foto de Capa. Córdoba: Paso de Cebra Ediciones, 2011. A fictionalised account of the discovery of the exact location of the "Falling Soldier" photograph. {{ISBN|978-84-939103-0-3}}.
• Nizza oder die Liebe zur Kunst. Bad König: Vantage Point World, 2013. By Axel Dielmann. {{ISBN|978-3-981-53549-5}}. Text in German.

Notes

References

External links

• Robert Capa's Photography Portfolio — Magnum Photos
• Magnum Photos
• [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/capa_r.html PBS biography and analysis of Falling Soldier authenticity]
• Discussion on the authenticity of Capa's "Fallen Republican Soldier" Does it matter if it was faked?
• [https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/01/27/arts/20080127_KENN_SLIDESHOW_index.html Robert Capa's "Lost Negatives"]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060321110648/http://www.temple.edu/photo/photographers/capa/capa1.html Photography Temple. “Photographer Robert Capa”]
• [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/the-woman-who-captured-robert-capas-heart-1999038.html The woman who captured Robert Capa's heart, The Independent, 13 June 2010]
• Driven to Shoot on the Frontlines, The Japan Times, 14 February 2014

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