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词条 Healthcare in Greece
释义

  1. Ancient history

  2. Austerity period

  3. Hospitals

  4. Statistics

  5. References

Healthcare in Greece consists of a universal health care system provided through national health insurance, and private health care. According to the 2011 budget, the Greek healthcare system was allocated 6.1 billion euro, or 2.8% of GDP.[1] In a 2000 report by the World Health Organization, the Greek healthcare system was ranked 14th worldwide in the overall assessment, above other countries such as Germany (25) and the United Kingdom (18), while ranking 11th at level of service.[2]

Healthcare in Greece is provided by the National Healthcare Service, or ESY ({{lang-el|Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας, ΕΣΥ}}).

Ancient history

{{See also|Ancient Greek medicine|Byzantine medicine}}

Healthcare in Greece traces its roots to the ancient Greek civilization. Hospitals did not exist in the modern sense in the ancient Greek world, but temples dedicated to the healing god Aesculapius (called Asclepieia) functioned as healing places as well as places of worship.[3] It is not known whether or not cities in ancient Greece provided free healthcare to their citizens, but recent study of the ruins of the Kos Asclepieion show that medical services were offered to everyone who could pay for them, including slaves and foreigners.[3]

The Byzantine Empire is accredited by some for having invented the hospital as the institution we know it to be today. Professor Timothy S. Miller of the Johns Hopkins University argues that the Byzantine Empire was the first to employ a system of hospital-based healthcare, where the hospital became the chief institution of the medical profession in contrast to its function as a last resort in Western medieval Europe, carrying forward the medical knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome.[4]

Austerity period

In July 2011, changes were made to the Greek healthcare system in accordance with austerity measures. Unemployed Greeks were entitled to healthcare from national health insurance for a maximum of a year, and after that period, healthcare was no longer universal and patients had to pay for their own treatment.[5][6][7] Austerity measures also resulted in citizens being forced to contribute more towards the cost of their medications.[8] As a result, many free clinics funded by private donations sprang up, and although officially illegal, were allowed to remain in operation.[9]

In 2016, the Greek government voted to extend health coverage to uninsured people who are registered as unemployed and refugees from June 1 on, with those earning less than 2,400 euro a year entitled to free healthcare, with the threshold rising for families according to how many children they have.[10][11]

Hospitals

{{See also|List of hospitals in Greece}}

In 2009 the hospital bed to 10,000 population ratio in the country was 48, above countries such as the United Kingdom (39), Spain (34) and Italy (39), but considerably below countries such as France (72) and Germany (83).[12] On 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its intention to cut back the number of beds and hospitals in the country from 131 hospitals with 35,000 beds to 83 hospitals with 33,000 beds.[13]

Currently the largest hospital in the country is Attica Psychiatric Hospital "Dafni" with 1,325 beds, while the largest general hospital is "Evangelismos" General Hospital of Athens with 1,100 beds.[13] Public hospitals in Greece are constructed by a government-owned company by the name of DEPANOM. S.A. ({{lang-el|Δημόσια Επιχείρηση Ανέγερσης Νοσηλευτικών Μονάδων Α.Ε., ΔΕΠΑΝΟΜ Α.Ε.}}, Public Corporation for the Construction of Hospital Units S.A.), which is also in charge of maintaining and upgrading the country's public medical facilities and equipment.[14]

Emergency, ambulance and air-ambulance services in Greece are provided by the National Center for Direct Aid, known mostly by the acronym EKAB ({{lang-el|Εθνικό Κέντρο Άμεσης Βοήθειας}}).

Statistics

On an OECD health report in 2011, Greece got the following results:[15]

Greek data from 2007
GreeceOECD averageRank
Health expenditure as % of GDP9.6%9.5%15th
Health expenditure per capita$2,724$3,22323rd
Change in health expenditure (2000–2007)6.9%4.0%
% health expenditure publicly funded60.3%71.7%
Doctors to population ratio6.13.11st
Acute beds per 1,000 population4.13.5
Life expectancy (years)80.379.5
Daily smokers among adults39.7%22.3%1st
Obesity rate18.1%15.1%

Healthcare expenditure per capita went down by 28% between 2009 and 2011 - a more drastic cut than any other European country. However treatment results have not deteriorated, but according to the survey conducted by the Euro health consumer index in 2015 Albania was the European country in which unofficial payments to doctors were reported most commonly. The Greek rates of Caesarean sections is one of the highest in the world.[16]

With respect to pharmaceutical drugs in use, ~20% were generic at the end of 2013 and the government has set a goal of reaching 60% generic use by the end of 2015.[17] This planned major increase in generic use has been driven by conditions of economic support from the European Union and International Monetary Fund requiring that Greece reduce overall public spending on drugs.[17]

Greece has the highest number of doctors per head of population of any OECD country. 6.3 doctors per thousand people in 2013.[18]

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.minfin.gr/budget/2011/proyp/index.html |title=2011 Κρατικός Προϋπολογισμός |publisher=www.minfin.gr |year=2011 |language=Greek |accessdate=22 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717040031/http://www.minfin.gr/budget/2011/proyp/index.html |archivedate=17 July 2011 |df= }}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf |title=Health Systems: Improving Performance |work=The World Health Report 2000 |publisher=www.who.int |accessdate=22 July 2011}}
3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.tovima.gr/culture/article/?aid=398185 |script-title=el:Και οι αρχαίοι είχαν το ΕΣΥ τους: Επιγραφές πληροφορούν για τους γιατρούς και το σύστημα Υγείας της αρχαιότητας |language=Greek |date=30 April 2011 |publisher=www.tovima.gr |accessdate=22 July 2011}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://byzantium.seashell.net.nz/articlemain.php?artid=fbook_miller |title=Featured Book: The Birth of the Hospital in the Byzantine Empire |publisher=www.byzantium.seashell.net.nz |accessdate=22 July 2011}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/world/europe/greeks-reeling-from-health-care-cutbacks.html|title=Fiscal Crisis Takes Toll on Health of Greeks|date=27 December 2011|work=The New York Times|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17067104|title=Struggling Greeks losing belief in the state|first=Paul|last=Mason|date=17 February 2012|publisher=|accessdate=9 January 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/25/world/europe/greek-unemployed-cut-off-from-medical-treatment.html|title=Amid Cutbacks, Greek Doctors Offer Message to Poor: You Are Not Alone|date=25 October 2012|work=The New York Times|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/greek-crisis-hits-hard-at-the-pharmacy/2012/06/13/gJQAagBraV_story.html|title=Greek crisis hits hard at the pharmacy|publisher=|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/473818/with-greeces-healthcare-system-in-ruins-people-are-turning-to-illegal-free-clinics/|title=With Greece’s healthcare system in ruins, people are turning to illegal free clinics|publisher=|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/207673/article/ekathimerini/news/free-healthcare-medicines-to-begin-on-june-1|title=Free healthcare, medicines to begin on June 1 - Kathimerini|publisher=|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2016/04/12/resuscitating-greece-s-struggling-health-system/|title=Resuscitating Greece's struggling health system|date=12 April 2016|publisher=|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.globalhealthfacts.org/data/topic/map.aspx?ind=78 |title=Hospital Beds (Per 10,000 Population) 2000-2009 |publisher=www.globalhealthfacts.org |accessdate=22 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411101617/http://www.globalhealthfacts.org/data/topic/map.aspx?ind=78 |archivedate=11 April 2013 |df= }}
13. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.tovima.gr/files/1/2011/07/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%20%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82.pdf |script-title=el:ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΑΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΩΝ ΜΟΝΑΔΩΝ ΥΓΕΙΑΣ ΕΣΥ |language=Greek |date=1 July 2011 |publisher=www.tovima.gr |accessdate=22 July 2011}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.depanom.gr/default.asp?siteID=1&pageID=2&langID=1 |script-title=el:Η εταιρία |language=Greek |publisher=www.depanom.gr |accessdate=26 July 2011}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/54/38979850.pdf |title=OECD Health Data 2011: How Does Greece Compare |publisher=www.oecd.org |accessdate=22 July 2011}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=Outcomes in EHCI 2015|url=http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/EHCI_2015/EHCI_2015_report.pdf|accessdate=27 January 2016|publisher=Health Consumer Powerhouse|date=26 January 2016}}
17. ^1 {{Cite news|title = Greece to Boost Share of Generics in Drugs Market, Minister Says|date = 6 March 2014|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-06/greece-to-boost-share-of-generics-in-drugs-market-minister-says.html|deadurl = no|archivedate = 10 March 2014|accessdate = 10 March 2014|first = Nikos|last = Chrysoloras|first2 = Antonis|last2 = Galanopoulos|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140310102618/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-06/greece-to-boost-share-of-generics-in-drugs-market-minister-says.html|agency = Bloomberg News}}
18. ^{{cite news|title=Health Workforce Policies in OECD Countries|url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/health-workforce-policies-in-oecd-countries_9789264239517-en#page21|accessdate=24 March 2016|publisher=OECD|date=2016}}
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