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词条 Health in Armenia
释义

  1. Healthcare

  2. HIV

  3. Infant mortality

  4. Malnutrition and obesity

  5. Smoking

  6. See also

  7. References

After significant decline in earlier decades crude birth rates in Armenia remained at 13.0–14.2 per 1000 people nearly constant in the years 1998–2015.[1] In the same period the crude death rate went from 8.6 to 9.3 per 1000 people.[2] Note that crude rates are not age-adjusted. Life expectancy at birth at 74.8 years was the 4th highest among the post-USSR countries in 2014.[3]

Healthcare

At the time of independence in 1991 no traces of pre-Soviet healthcare traditions were discernible. The soviet healthcare system was highly centralized. The entire population was guaranteed free medical assistance, regardless of social status, and had access to a comprehensive range of secondary and tertiary care. After independence Armenia was not in a position to continue to fund it. Following the reform program all the hospitals and polyclinics, rural health units (including village health centers), and health posts from the previous system continue to function. Hospitals which were formerly accountable to the local administration and ultimately to the Ministry of Health are now autonomous and increasingly responsible for their own budgets and management.[4]

A Basic Benefits Package was established in 1999. This provided provides free specific health-care services, including medicines, to vulnerable segments of the population, including children, the elderly and disabled, impoverished people and injured military personnel. Since 2006, primary health care services have been free of charge.

In 2009 about half the health expenditure in the country came directly out of the pockets of patients at the time of treatment. More than 50% of the national health budget was spent on hospitals. At the local community level the system was weak and in rural areas often non-existent.[5]

Vast improvements of health services in Armenia occurred in the twenty-first century, principally easier accessibility to health-care services and an Open Enrollment program which allows Armenians to freely choose their healthcare service provider.[6]

Health expenditure at 4.5% of GDP in 2014 was the 3rd lowest in post-USSR countries and below the average of the region of Europe and Central Asia, same as in years 2006–2013.[7] Health expenditures, as percentage of government spending were 4th lowest for the same group in 2008–2014, but beat peers in South Caucasus.[8] Health expenditures in per capita terms (at PPP at constant 2005 USD) were nearly permanently 5th lowest in the above group in years 1999–2014.[9] Out-of-pocket health expenditure were 4th highest in the same group in years 2003–2006 and 2010–2014.[10] In 2014 4.3% of health expenditures came from sources outside of Armenia.[11]

HIV

Certified by World Health Organization Armenia was the first[12] in the European region and as of October 2017 is one of 10 countries worldwide (7 of which are islands) which proved to have eliminated mother-to-child HIV transmission.[13]

Infant mortality

According to WHO data infant mortality rate nearly halved from 2002 to 2015.[14]

Malnutrition and obesity

Undernourishment at 6.3% in 2014 of population remained nearly unchanged since 2007.[15]Obesity rate is 19.5% in Armenia in 2017, which is lower than in all regional countries and nearly all European countries.[16][17]

Smoking

Tobacco policy in Armenia is as of February 2018 still very permissive with almost no enforcement of any smoke-restricting laws.

See also

  • Armenia
  • Education in Armenia
  • World Health Organization
  • Children of Armenia Fund
  • World Food Programme

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_cbrt_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&idim=region:ECS&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_cdrt_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&idim=region:ECS&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=c&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&idim=country:ARM:GEO:BLR:LVA:LTU:RUS:AZE:KAZ:MDA:TJK:TKM:UZB:EST:UKR:KGZ&ifdim=country:region:ECS&tunit=Y&pit=1424721600000&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false&icfg|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}
4. ^{{cite news |title=Health care system in Armenia |url=https://www.ap-companies.com/services/ekspatam/armenia/ |accessdate=15 November 2018 |publisher=AP |date=2005}}
5. ^{{cite news |title=Armenians struggle for health care and medicines |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/7/09-010709/en/ |accessdate=15 November 2018 |publisher=WHO |date=July 2009}}
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Knapp |first1=Caprice |last2=Madden |first2=Vanessa |last3=Fowler-Kerry |first3=Susan |title=Pediatric palliative care : global perspectives |date=2011 |publisher=Springer |location= Dordrecht |isbn= 978-9400725690 |page=84 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Klp5XKAMKjAC}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=health_expenditure_of_gdp&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS&idim=country:ARM:GEO:BLR:LVA:LTU:RUS:AZE:KAZ:MDA:TJK:TKM:UZB:EST:UKR:KGZ&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sh_xpd_publ_gx_zs&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS&idim=country:ARM:GEO:BLR:LVA:LTU:RUS:AZE:KAZ:MDA:TJK:TKM:UZB:EST:UKR:KGZ&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sh_xpd_pcap_pp_kd&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS&idim=country:ARM:GEO:BLR:LVA:LTU:RUS:AZE:KAZ:MDA:TJK:TKM:UZB:EST:UKR:KGZ&ifdim=region&tstart=793569600000&tend=1393185600000&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sh_xpd_oopc_to_zs&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS&idim=country:ARM:GEO:BLR:LVA:LTU:RUS:AZE:KAZ:MDA:TJK:TKM:UZB:EST:UKR:KGZ&ifdim=region&tstart=-310968000000&tend=1393185600000&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sh_xpd_extr_zs&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM:GEO:BLR:LVA:LTU:RUS:AZE:KAZ:MDA:TJK:TKM:UZB:EST:UKR:KGZ&idim=region:ECS&ifdim=region&tstart=-310968000000&tend=1456257600000&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false&icfg|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.hhpress.am/index.php/banners/banner2_160x160.swf?sub=hodv&hodv=20161202_2&flag=en|title=Armenia is the only country having the certificate|website=www.hhpress.am|access-date=2018-02-24}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321420493|title=WHO: GLOBAL GUIDANCE ON CRITERIA AND PROCESSES FOR VALIDATION: ELIMINATION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV AND SYPHILIS|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.country.country-ARM|title=GHO {{!}} By country {{!}} Armenia - statistics summary (2002 - present)|website=apps.who.int|access-date=2018-01-19}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sn_itk_defc_zs&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS&idim=country:ARM:GEO:BLR:LVA:LTU:RUS:AZE:KAZ:MDA:TJK:TKM:UZB:EST:UKR:KGZ&ifdim=region&tstart=-310968000000&tend=1393185600000&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}}
16. ^{{Cite news|url=https://renewbariatrics.com/obesity-rank-by-countries/|title=World Rankings: Obesity Rates by Country (July 2017)|date=2017-09-23|work=Renew Bariatrics|access-date=2018-01-19|language=English}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://i.redd.it/2d3of8buixa01.png|title=Prevalence of obesity in the world|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|layurl=https://renewbariatrics.com/obesity-rank-by-countries/}}
{{Armenia topics}}{{Healthcare in Europe}}

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