| 词条 | Helen Blau |
| 释义 |
| name = Helen M. Blau | image = File:Helen Blau photo by Amparo Garrido.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = London, England | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | residence = United States | citizenship = British, United States | nationality = | fields = Developmental biology, Regenerative medicine, Stem cell biology | workplaces = Stanford University Medical School | patrons = | alma_mater = University of York Harvard University | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = Blau Lab website | footnotes = | spouse = David Spiegel | children = Daniel Blau Spiegel, Julia Blau Spiegel }}Helen Margaret Blau, Ph.D. is an internationally recognized American biologist and the Donald E. and Delia B. Baxter Foundation Professor and Director of the Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology at Stanford University School of Medicine. She is known for establishing the reversibility of the mammalian differentiated state. Her landmark papers showed that nuclear reprogramming and the activation of novel programs of gene expression were possible, overturning the prevailing view that the differentiated state was fixed and irreversible.[1][2][3][4] Her discoveries opened the door for cellular reprogramming and its application to stem cell biology.[5][6] BiographyHelen Blau was born in London and is a dual citizen of the United States and Great Britain. She earned a B.A. from the University of York in England and an M.A. and Ph.D. in biology from Harvard University with Fotis C. Kafatos. After a postdoctoral fellowship with Charles J. Epstein in the Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Division of Medical Genetics at UCSF, she joined the faculty at Stanford University in 1978. She was awarded an endowed chair in 1999 and named Director of the Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology in 2002.[7][8][9] Blau is known for her support of women in science and success in mentoring numerous young scientists who comprise the next generation of academic leaders in muscle biology and regenerative medicine.[8] ResearchIn the 1980s Dr. Blau's findings challenged the prevalent view that the mammalian differentiated state is fixed and irreversible.[4] In her famous heterokaryon experiments she fused differentiated cells of two different species to form stable non-dividing heterokaryons, and found that previously silent genes could be activated.[1][2][3][4][10] As a result, human keratinocytes, hepatocytes and fibroblasts expressed muscle genes that they normally never would. This body of work showed that the differentiated state requires continuous regulation and that a shift in the stoichiometry of trans-acting regulators induces nuclear reprogramming to another differentiated state.[11][12][13] Her discoveries fostered the development of the field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.[14] Blau characterized muscle stem cells and showed they are dysfunctional in aging and in muscular dystrophy.[15][16][17][18] She showed that stem cells lose their regenerative potential when grown in traditional plastic dishes and overcame this limitation by fabricating bioengineered microenvironments that mimic crucial stem cell niche and tissue properties.[19][20][21] She has applied this approach to identify molecules that rejuvenate the function of the aged stem cell population and enhance muscle regeneration.[17] Blau showed that telomere dysfunction in conjunction with dystrophin deficiency plays a central role in the skeletal muscle wasting and fatal cardiomyopathy characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.[16][15] Her lab's novel technologies enable rapid, transient and robust elongation of telomeres to overcome cellular dysfunction due to short telomeres, which have translational applications.[22][23] Dr. Blau's lab applied evolutionary lessons from newts and salamanders that regenerate limbs to identify genes that constitute barriers to regeneration.[24][25] By transiently alleviating these brakes on the cell cycle, post-mitotic cells are induced to divide, reconstituting a regenerative cell source.[26][27] A hallmark of Blau's research is the development and application of novel technologies. Her discovery of β-galactosidase complementation is widely used in drug discovery.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Non-invasive bioluminescence imaging enables highly sensitive temporal and spatial resolution of muscle stem cell regenerative function in vivo.[17][19][35] Using single cell lineage tracking and the Baxter algorithms her lab developed, cell morphology, movement, cell-cell interactions, division behavior and gene expression can be dynamically monitored, resolving the cellular basis for population changes, in response to pharmacologic interventions.[19][36][37][38] She has eight issued US patents.[39] Current researchDr. Blau's ongoing research focuses on cellular reprogramming, therapeutic interventions to enhance stem cell function in muscle regeneration, and cell rejuvenation strategies. HonorsAlong her professional career, among other honors, Professor Blau has won the following distinctions:
Public service and advisory committeesHelen Blau has contributed to multiple national and international committees and boards. She served on the Congressional Liaison Committee for Public Policy for the American Society for Cell Biology. At NIH she served on the (RAC) Oversight Committee of Gene Therapy (created by Harold Varmus) and as a member of the Council of the National Institute on Aging. She has been a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers and the Board of Directors of the American Society of Gene Therapy and the Council of the National Academy of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. She has advised the Conseil Stratégique de l’Association Française contre les Myopathies (AFM) and served on the Scientific Advisory Boards of the Helmsley Trust and the Ellison Medical Foundation. She currently serves on the Pew Charitable Trust Scholars Advisory Committee and the Council of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Personal lifeBlau was born in England, spent her early childhood in the U.S. and then lived in Europe until she moved to the United States for graduate school. She speaks French and German. Her father, George E. Blau, was Chief historian for the U.S. Government in Europe and her mother Gertrud M. Blau was an instructor of comparative literature at Heidelberg University and they strongly encouraged Helen and her sister Professor Eve Blau, now on the faculty at Harvard University, to pursue higher education. She is married to Professor David Spiegel, a research psychiatrist at Stanford University, and they have two children, Daniel Blau Spiegel,[43] an architect, and Julia Blau Spiegel,[44] a lawyer. Professor Blau and her husband are avid scuba divers and skiers. References1. ^1 {{Cite journal|title = Defective myoblasts identified in Duchenne muscular dystrophy|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date = 1983-08-01|issn = 0027-8424|pmc = 384144|pmid = 6576361|pages = 4856–4860|volume = 80|issue = 15|first = H. M.|last = Blau|first2 = C.|last2 = Webster|first3 = G. K.|last3 = Pavlath|doi=10.1073/pnas.80.15.4856}} 2. ^1 {{Cite journal|title = Reprogramming cell differentiation in the absence of DNA synthesis|journal = Cell|date = 1984-07-01|issn = 0092-8674|pmid = 6744415|pages = 879–887|volume = 37|issue = 3|first = C. P.|last = Chiu|first2 = H. M.|last2 = Blau|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(84)90423-9}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(85)90155-2 |pmid=2578323 |title=5-azacytidine permits gene activation in a previously noninducible cell type |journal=Cell |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=417–24 |year=1985 |last1=Chiu |first1=C }} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|title = Plasticity of the differentiated state|journal = Science|date = 1985-11-15|issn = 0036-8075|pmid = 2414846|pages = 758–766|volume = 230|issue = 4727|first = H. M.|last = Blau|first2 = G. K.|last2 = Pavlath|first3 = E. C.|last3 = Hardeman|first4 = C. P.|last4 = Chiu|first5 = L.|last5 = Silberstein|first6 = S. G.|last6 = Webster|first7 = S. C.|last7 = Miller|first8 = C.|last8 = Webster|doi=10.1126/science.2414846}} 5. ^{{PubMedAuthorSearch|Blau|HM}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/blau/publications.html|title=Blau Lab|website=web.stanford.edu}} 7. ^Ningthoujam, Debananda S. Footprints of Pioneer Scientists-58: Helen M. Blau. Manipur Times. Access date: September 5, 2015 8. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ncb2506 |pmid=22643873 |title=Redefining differentiation: Reshaping our ends |journal=Nature Cell Biology |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=558 |year=2012 |last1=Blau |first1=Helen M }} 9. ^{{Citation|title = Brian K. Kennedy, PhD, in conversation with Helen M. Blau, PhD, Director, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology|url = https://vimeo.com/63432954|accessdate = 2015-09-06}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|title = Reprogramming to a muscle fate by fusion recapitulates differentiation|journal = Journal of Cell Science|date = 2009-04-01|issn = 0021-9533|pmc = 2720934|pmid = 19295131|pages = 1045–1053|volume = 122|issue = Pt 7|doi = 10.1242/jcs.041376|first = Jason H.|last = Pomerantz|first2 = Semanti|last2 = Mukherjee|first3 = Adam T.|last3 = Palermo|first4 = Helen M.|last4 = Blau}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|issn = 0021-9525|volume = 112|issue = 5|pages = 781–783|last1 = Blau|first1 = H. M.|last2 = Baltimore|first2 = D.|title = Differentiation requires continuous regulation|journal = The Journal of Cell Biology|date = 1991|pmid = 1999456|pmc =2288865|doi=10.1083/jcb.112.5.781|url = http://authors.library.caltech.edu/30177/1/BLAjcb91.pdf}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|title = Differentiation requires continuous active control|journal = Annual Review of Biochemistry|date = 1992|issn = 0066-4154|pmid = 1497309|pages = 1213–1230|volume = 61|doi = 10.1146/annurev.bi.61.070192.010025|first = H. M.|last = Blau}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|title = Myoblasts in pattern formation and gene therapy|journal = Trends in Genetics|date = 1993-08-01|issn = 0168-9525|pmid = 8379006|pages = 269–274|volume = 9|issue = 8|first = H. M.|last = Blau|first2 = J.|last2 = Dhawan|first3 = G. K.|last3 = Pavlath|doi=10.1016/0168-9525(93)90012-7}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|title = Nuclear reprogramming to a pluripotent state by three approaches|journal = Nature|date = 2010-06-10|issn = 1476-4687|pmc = 2901154|pmid = 20535199|pages = 704–712|volume = 465|issue = 7299|doi = 10.1038/nature09229|first = Shinya|last = Yamanaka|first2 = Helen M.|last2 = Blau}} 15. ^1 {{Cite journal|title = Short telomeres and stem cell exhaustion model Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mdx/mTR mice|journal = Cell|date = 2010-12-23|issn = 1097-4172|pmc = 3025608|pmid = 21145579|pages = 1059–1071|volume = 143|issue = 7|doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.039|first = Alessandra|last = Sacco|first2 = Foteini|last2 = Mourkioti|first3 = Rose|last3 = Tran|first4 = Jinkuk|last4 = Choi|first5 = Michael|last5 = Llewellyn|first6 = Peggy|last6 = Kraft|first7 = Marina|last7 = Shkreli|first8 = Scott|last8 = Delp|first9 = Jason H.|last9 = Pomerantz}} 16. ^1 {{Cite journal|title = Role of telomere dysfunction in cardiac failure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy|journal = Nature Cell Biology|date = 2013-08-01|issn = 1476-4679|pmc = 3774175|pmid = 23831727|pages = 895–904|volume = 15|issue = 8|doi = 10.1038/ncb2790|first = Foteini|last = Mourkioti|first2 = Jackie|last2 = Kustan|first3 = Peggy|last3 = Kraft|first4 = John W.|last4 = Day|first5 = Ming-Ming|last5 = Zhao|first6 = Maria|last6 = Kost-Alimova|first7 = Alexei|last7 = Protopopov|first8 = Ronald A.|last8 = DePinho|first9 = Daniel|last9 = Bernstein}} 17. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|title = Rejuvenation of the muscle stem cell population restores strength to injured aged muscles|journal = Nature Medicine|date = 2014-03-01|issn = 1546-170X|pmc = 3949152|pmid = 24531378|pages = 255–264|volume = 20|issue = 3|doi = 10.1038/nm.3464|first = Benjamin D.|last = Cosgrove|first2 = Penney M.|last2 = Gilbert|first3 = Ermelinda|last3 = Porpiglia|first4 = Foteini|last4 = Mourkioti|first5 = Steven P.|last5 = Lee|first6 = Stephane Y.|last6 = Corbel|first7 = Michael E.|last7 = Llewellyn|first8 = Scott L.|last8 = Delp|first9 = Helen M.|last9 = Blau}} 18. ^{{Cite journal|title = The central role of muscle stem cells in regenerative failure with aging|journal = Nature Medicine|date = 2015-08-06|issn = 1546-170X|pmid = 26248268|pages = 854–862|volume = 21|issue = 8|doi = 10.1038/nm.3918|first = Helen M.|last = Blau|first2 = Benjamin D.|last2 = Cosgrove|first3 = Andrew T. V.|last3 = Ho|pmc=4731230}} 19. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|title = Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture|journal = Science|date = 2010-08-27|issn = 1095-9203|pmc = 2929271|pmid = 20647425|pages = 1078–1081|volume = 329|issue = 5995|doi = 10.1126/science.1191035|first = P. M.|last = Gilbert|first2 = K. L.|last2 = Havenstrite|first3 = K. E. G.|last3 = Magnusson|first4 = A.|last4 = Sacco|first5 = N. A.|last5 = Leonardi|first6 = P.|last6 = Kraft|first7 = N. K.|last7 = Nguyen|first8 = S.|last8 = Thrun|first9 = M. P.|last9 = Lutolf}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|title = A single cell bioengineering approach to elucidate mechanisms of adult stem cell self-renewal|journal = Integrative Biology: Quantitative Biosciences from Nano to Macro|date = 2012-04-01|issn = 1757-9708|pmc = 3325106|pmid = 22327505|pages = 360–367|volume = 4|issue = 4|doi = 10.1039/c2ib00148a|first = Penney M.|last = Gilbert|first2 = Stephane|last2 = Corbel|first3 = Regis|last3 = Doyonnas|first4 = Karen|last4 = Havenstrite|first5 = Klas E. 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S.|last = Wehrman|first2 = W. J.|last2 = Raab|first3 = C. L.|last3 = Casipit|first4 = R.|last4 = Doyonnas|first5 = J. H.|last5 = Pomerantz|first6 = H. M.|last6 = Blau}} 34. ^{{Cite journal|title = Enzymatic detection of protein translocation|journal = Nature Methods|date = 2005-07-01|issn = 1548-7091|pmid = 15973423|pages = 521–527|volume = 2|issue = 7|doi = 10.1038/nmeth771|first = Tom S.|last = Wehrman|first2 = Clayton L.|last2 = Casipit|first3 = Nevin M.|last3 = Gewertz|first4 = Helen M.|last4 = Blau}} 35. ^{{Cite journal|title = Self-renewal and expansion of single transplanted muscle stem cells|journal = Nature|date = 2008-11-27|issn = 1476-4687|pmc = 2919355|pmid = 18806774|pages = 502–506|volume = 456|issue = 7221|doi = 10.1038/nature07384|first = Alessandra|last = Sacco|first2 = Regis|last2 = Doyonnas|first3 = Peggy|last3 = Kraft|first4 = Stefan|last4 = Vitorovic|first5 = Helen M.|last5 = Blau}} 36. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/TMI.2014.2370951 |pmid=25415983 |pmc=4765504 |title=Global Linking of Cell Tracks Using the Viterbi Algorithm |journal=IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=911–29 |year=2015 |last1=Magnusson |first1=Klas E. G |last2=Jalden |first2=Joakim |last3=Gilbert |first3=Penney M |last4=Blau |first4=Helen M |url=http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:783533/FULLTEXT01 |format=Full text }} 37. ^{{Cite journal|title = Objective comparison of particle tracking methods|journal = Nature Methods|date = 2014-03-01|issn = 1548-7105|pmc = 4131736|pmid = 24441936|pages = 281–289|volume = 11|issue = 3|doi = 10.1038/nmeth.2808|first = Nicolas|last = Chenouard|first2 = Ihor|last2 = Smal|first3 = Fabrice|last3 = de Chaumont|first4 = Martin|last4 = Maška|first5 = Ivo F.|last5 = Sbalzarini|first6 = Yuanhao|last6 = Gong|first7 = Janick|last7 = Cardinale|first8 = Craig|last8 = Carthel|first9 = Stefano|last9 = Coraluppi}} 38. ^{{Cite journal|title = A benchmark for comparison of cell tracking algorithms|journal = Bioinformatics|date = 2014-06-01|issn = 1367-4811|pmc = 4029039|pmid = 24526711|pages = 1609–1617|volume = 30|issue = 11|doi = 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu080|first = Martin|last = Maška|first2 = Vladimír|last2 = Ulman|first3 = David|last3 = Svoboda|first4 = Pavel|last4 = Matula|first5 = Petr|last5 = Matula|first6 = Cristina|last6 = Ederra|first7 = Ainhoa|last7 = Urbiola|first8 = Tomás|last8 = España|first9 = Subramanian|last9 = Venkatesan}} 39. ^{{Cite web|title = Google Patent Search - Inventor: Helen M. Blau|url = https://patents.google.com/?inventor=Helen+M+Blau&status=GRANT|website = www.google.com|accessdate = 2018-02-24}} 40. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/may-3-2016-NAS-Election.html|title=National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected |date= |accessdate=2016-05-05}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2017/11/04/0761/01648.html|title=Rinunce e nomine|website=press.vatican.va}} 42. ^https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/election-new-members-2018-spring-meeting 43. ^{{Cite web|title = SAW|url = http://www.s-a-works.com/|website = SAW // Spiegel Aihara Workshop|accessdate = 2015-09-06}} 44. ^{{Cite web|title = Julia Spiegel {{!}} LinkedIn|url = https://www.linkedin.com/pub/julia-spiegel/8/70b/933|website = www.linkedin.com|accessdate = 2015-09-06}} External links
12 : Living people|1948 births|American biochemists|American women scientists|Women biochemists|Harvard University alumni|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Alumni of the University of York|Members of the American Philosophical Society|Members of the National Academy of Medicine|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science |
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