“Helong language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Helong (alternate names Helon, Kupang and Semau^[1]) is a Central Malayo-Polynesian language of West Timor. Speakers are interspersed with those of Amarasi. This language has become endangered as a result of its native speakers marrying those who do not speak Helong, and as a result of coming in contact with the outside community.^[2] Helong speakers are found in four villages on the South-Western coast of West Timor, as well as on Semau Island, a small island just off the coast of West Timor.^[3] The mostly Christian, slightly patriarchal society of Semau do their best to send their children away to Bali (or elsewhere) to earn money to send home.

Classification

Helong is an Austronesian language, a group of languages spoken in Polynesia, an area north of Australia. Helong belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian languages, placing it among languages totaling over 385 million speakers. Helong shares its repetition of words in other words like dua~dua (English: pair) with the nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages. Some languages in this family include Hawaiian, Samoan, Tahitian, and Fijian. The Endangered Languages Project has classified Helong as "vulnerable", based on the most recent data from 1997.^[4] The largest threat to Helong is a dialect of Malay spoken in Kupang, called Kupang Malay, as the native Helong speakers often visit Kupang, and use that dialect when there.^[3]

History

Helong was once the primary language spoken in Kupang, the capital of Indonesia located on the western tip of Timor. It was spoken by the Raja, or monarch. It us unknown when exactly the Raja stopped using Helong to speak, but the language has since fallen out of popularity, now used sparsely around Kupang, but mostly used on Semau Island just off the coast of Kupang.^[5] In recent years, the people in Kupang have spoken a local dialect of Malay, resulting in Helong being largely forgotten by those who visit the capital city often. While the new language has left behind a lot of the region's history, experts believe that Helong speakers contain a vast wealth of knowledge around the past, specifically the spreading of Atoni culture when the Dutch gave them weapons, which wiped out many of the other cultures that existed in West Timor, but leaving Helong traditions and culture widely intact.^[6]

Grammar

Morphology^[3]

Helong word structure follows a standard C(C)V(C)V(C) (where (C) indicates that a consonant can appear here but does not have to) word structure. Additionally, there is always a consonant at the beginning of every non-clitic word. Ignoring suffixes, the last consonant in any word can only be a few things, the glottal or apical consonants found in the table in the Phonology section, with the exception of the letter d, which does not satisfy this rule. On the contrary, there are no such limits on the last vowel of a word, which can be any of the five.

Syntax^[9]^[3]

Helong follows a VSO word order like the other languages closely related to it. Helong is similar to languages like Spanish when it comes to noun-adjective order. The noun will come before the adjective describing it in a sentence. For example, ana hmunan directly translates as "child first", but refers to somebody's first child. However, unlike in Spanish, punctuation will only come at the end of a sentence. Like most languages, the first word of each sentence, as well as proper nouns are capitalized.^[9] Helong uses negative modifiers to change the meaning of a sentence to the opposite. For example, "... parsai lo" means "do not believe", with parsai being a word meaning believe, and lo being a negative modifier.^[9]

Vocabulary

Helong takes many loanwords, stems, suffixes, and prefixes from Malay, most of which are monosyllabic, but can be bisyllabic as well. Helong does have its own idioms and sayings, and a majority of its vocabulary is original, taking stems from similar languages like Malay. There are not words for each specific relative on either side, just words like baki (uncle) describing rough relation, with the name of the individual being necessary to determine the exact relative.

Writing System

Helong uses the same Latin script used in the majority of languages around the world. While Helong does not use the full 26 character ISO basic Latin alphabet, but contains 27 characters total, which can be seen in the Phonology section below.^[9]^[3] While most of Helong words are written in the same format as English words, one key difference is that when using modifiers such as plurals, distributive numerals, and frequencies, Helong uses Hyphens or Tildes to connect the base word to the modifier.^[9]

For example, in the sentence "Tode-s dua~dua le halin nahi-s deken", tode means lay, so tode-s would refer to laying multiple things, as the -s indicates plurality. Dua is the number two, so dua~dua would translate to the English "pair"

Phonology

Helong has 5 vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/. These vowels are identical to those in the English language, including the pronunciation.^[3]^[9]

The palatal stops /c, ɟ/ and the voiced labio-velar approximant /w/ are marginal phonemes, only occurring in a few loanwords.^[7]

Numbers

The Helong language uses words for each base unit (i.e. tens, hundreds, thousands). For example, the number 27 could be said as "tens two ones seven", indicating a 2 in the tens column and a 7 in the ones column.^[8]

Non-Numeric Quantity

Examples^[8]

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul M|display-authors=etal|title=Ethnologue: Languages of Asia, 17th Edition|year=2014|publisher=Sil International, Global Publishing|location=Texas|isbn=978-1-55-671370-5|pages=163, 454}}
2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/heg|title=Helong|newspaper=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-02-10}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Steinhauer, Hein. Synchronic Metathesis and Apocope in Three Austronesian Languages of the Timor Area. Thesis. Leiden University, 1996. Retrieved 2017-3-7.
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1747|title=Did you know Helong is vulnerable?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-03-08}}
5. ^Bowden, John Metathesis in Helong 2010. Presentation. Accessed 2017-04-26
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://press.anu.edu.au?p=68261|title=Out of the Ashes|last=Fox|first=James T.|date=2003|website=press.anu.edu.au|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-04-26}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Misriani|first=Balle,|date=2017|title=Phonological Sketch of Helong, an Austronesian Language of Timor|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52399|issn=1836-6821}}
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰Klamer, Marian; et al. (2014). Number and quantity in East Nusantara. Asia-Pacific Linguistics, College of Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved 2017-03-02