| 词条 | Roberto Campos |
| 释义 |
| name = Roberto Campos | image = Roberto Campos.jpg | caption = Roberto Campos | birth_name = Roberto de Oliveira Campos | birth_date = {{Birth date|1917|4|17|df=y}} | birth_place = Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|10|09|1917|04|17|df=y}} | death_place = Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | nationality = Brazilian | institution = | field = Economics | alma_mater = | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | school_tradition = Austrian School | influences = Carl Menger, Friedrich Hayek, Von Bawerk, Joseph Schumpeter, among others | influenced = | contributions = | awards = | signature = }} Roberto de Oliveira Campos (17 April 1917 – 9 October 2001) was a Brazilian economist, writer, diplomat, politician and member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He served in a number of capacities, including Brazilian ambassador to the United States and to the United Kingdom, minister of planning for the government of Castelo Branco, and congressman. BiographyEarly lifeCampos was born in Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.[1] Initially planning to enter the priesthood, he enrolled in a Catholic seminary in Guaxupé.[2] Later, he received degrees in philosophy and theology from a seminary in Belo Horizonte.[2] In 1939 Campos entered the Brazilian Foreign Service.[1] Three years later, he was sent to the United States,[5] where he took graduate courses in economics at George Washington University and Columbia University.[1][7] During this period, he also represented the Brazilian government in international economic meetings, such as the Bretton Woods conference.[2] CareerCampos left New York City for Brazil in 1949.[5] From 1951 to 1953, he acted as an economic advisor in the second Getúlio Vargas administration,[5] whose hallmarks were the paramountcy of nationalist economic policies.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} He was one of the supporters of the creation the BNDES (at the time BNDE — National Bank for Economic Development), a public authority whose function was to supply emerging industries with low-interest and long-term credits.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} After Vargas's suicide, Campos served as economic advisor to his elected successor, president Juscelino Kubitschek.[7] During the 1950s and early 1960s, Campos presented himself as a promoter of "pragmatic, democratic nationalism," as when he tried, as Brazilian ambassador in Washington, to reach an understanding between the John Kennedy administration and the left-leaning João Goulart government.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} Eventually, disagreements with Goulart's policies led to his resignation in August 1963.[5] Roberto Campos sided with the military regime installed by the 1964 coup, which was greatly backed by Jorge Flores, a business partner of his.[3] The first military president, Marshall Castelo Branco, appointed Campos as his Minister of Planning — and chief economic policy maker, jointly with the Finance Minister Octavio Gouvea de Bulhões — in which capacity he enacted various pro-business and pro-foreign capital — as well as anti-organized-labour — reforms that aimed to modernize the Brazilian economy in a liberal sense.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} His sympathies for an inconditional pro-American foreign policy{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} and foreign-capital-friendly economic policies earned him, already during the 1960s, his lifelong sobriquet: "Bob Fields" (an anglicized word-to-word rendering of his actual name).[4] During the late 1960s and 1970s, he disagreed with the increasing amount of state intervention in the economy included in the process of authoritarian modernization achieved by later military administrations and remained at the sidelines, working mostly as an adviser in private enterprise.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} In 1975, he was appointed Brazilian ambassador to the United Kingdom, remaining in this office for nearly seven years.[7] At the demise of the dictatorship, he regained political influence and became a politician in his own right. In 1980, soon after the end of the two-party regime, he joined the newly formed pro-government PDS.[5] Two years later, he won the election for an eight-year term as senator for his native state of Mato Grosso.[1] As a member of the electoral college in the 1985 presidential election, he voted for the defeated PDS candidate, Paulo Maluf.[4] Starting in 1991, he served as federal deputy for the State of Rio de Janeiro during two legislatures.[1] In 1998, he was defeated when trying to return to the senate, thus ending his political career.[7] Later life and deathAt the end of his life he tended to portray himself as solitary liberal, fighting against what he called "leftist" (i.e. Big Government) governments and policies, becoming one of the most vocal opponents of socialism in Brazil. His 1994 autobiography A lanterna na popa revises his personal biography — as well as the recent economic history of Brazil — according to this vein. In 1999, he was elected member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters by a thin margin of four votes.[6] He died of heart attack on 9 October 2001 at his apartment in Rio de Janeiro.[7] His papers reside at the Universidade Positivo. Works
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| publisher= Academia Brasileira de Letras | language=Portuguese | title= Roberto Campos: Biografia | url= http://www.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=239&sid=232}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite news| newspaper= The Independent | url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/roberto-campos-729499.html | title= Roberto Campos | date= 17 October 2001 | last= Dalyell | first= Tam}} 3. ^{{cite news| newspaper=The New York Times | title= Jorge Flores, 88; Influenced a Coup in Brazil | last= Romero | first = Simon | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/03/world/jorge-flores-88-influenced-a-coup-in-brazil.html | date=3 August 2000 }} 4. ^1 {{cite news| title= Os Brasileiros do Ano - Roberto Campos | url= http://www.istoe.com.br/reportagens/7_OS+BRASILEIROS+DO+ANO+ROBERTO+CAMPOS | date=2 January 2002 | newspaper= Isto É | issue= 1683 | language= Portuguese }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| url= http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/Jango/biografias/roberto_campos | language= Portuguese | title= Roberto Campos | work= A trajetória política de João Goulart | publisher= CPDOC - Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil}} 6. ^{{cite news| newspaper= Jornal do Commercio | language= Portuguese | url= http://www2.uol.com.br/JC/_1999/2509/cc2509a.htm | date=25 September 1999 | title= Roberto Campos chega até a imortalidade sem unanimidade}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title= Roberto Campos, 84, Apostle For the Free Market in Brazil | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/12/world/roberto-campos-84-apostle-for-the-free-market-in-brazil.html | date= 12 October 2001 | first= Larry | last= Rohter | newspaper= The New York Times}} Further reading
12 : 1917 births|2001 deaths|People from Cuiabá|Brazilian diplomats|Brazilian economists|Brazilian Roman Catholics|Government ministers of Brazil|Conservatism in Brazil|Members of the Federal Senate|Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Rio de Janeiro (state)|Ambassadors of Brazil to the United States|Ambassadors of Brazil to the United Kingdom |
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