| 词条 | Roberto de Nobili |
| 释义 |
Not to be confused with Cardinal Roberto de' Nobili (1541-59). Roberto de Nobili (1577 – 16 January 1656) was an Italian Jesuit missionary to Southern India. He used a novel method of adaptation (accommodatio) to preach Christianity, adopting many local customs of India which were, in his view, not contrary to Christianity. IndiaBorn in Montepulciano, Tuscany in September 1577, Roberto De Nobili arrived in Goa in western India on 20 May 1605. It is probable that he met here Fr Thomas Stephens, SJ, who had arrived in Goa in 1579, and was probably in the process of composing his Khristapurana.[1] After a short stay in Cochin at Kerala, he took up residence in Madurai in Tamil Nadu in November 1606. He soon called himself a "teacher of wisdom" (தத்துவ போதகர்), and began to dress like a Sannyasin. Claiming noble parentage he approached high-caste people, and eagerly engaged in dialogue with Hindu scholars about the truths of Christianity. De Nobili mastered Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil languages and literature, with the help of his teacher, Shivadharma. As he expounded the Christian doctrine in Tamil he coined several words to communicate his message. He used the word "kovil" (கோவில்) for a place of worship, "arul" (அருள்) and "prasadam" (பிரசாதம்) for grace, "guru" (குரு) for priest or teacher, "Vedam" (வேதம்) for the Bible, "poosai" (பூசை) for Mass, etc. He adopted also local Indian customs, such as shaving one's head and keeping only a tiny tuft. He wore a white dhoti and wooden sandals, to don the look of a sanyasin. Another symbol he embraced was the wearing of a three-stringed thread across the chest. He interpreted the three-stringed thread as representing the Holy Trinity, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. He was one of the first Europeans to gain a deep understanding of Sanskrit and Tamil. He composed Catechisms, apologetic works and philosophic discourses in Tamil, and contributed greatly to the development of modern Tamil prose writing. Controversies about his methodHis method raised a fierce controversy among his fellow Jesuits and with the Archbishop of Goa Cristóvão de Sá e Lisboa. The dispute was settled by Pope Gregory XV with the Constitution Romanæ Sedis Antistes issued on 31 January 1623. The customs of the three-stringed thread, the tuft, the use of sandalwood paste on the forefront and baths were allowed, inasmuch they did not imply any superstitious ritual. The Pope invited the Indian neophytes to overcome their caste sensitivity and their contempt of the pariahs. The Dharmic thinker Rajiv Malhotra calls this method Inculturation. By adopting native culture, he made Christianity appear less alien to natives and hence easier to adopt. His adoption of native culture came from respect and was guided by his missionary zeal to spread Christianity.[2] The Ezourvedam{{Main|Ezourvedam}}Some have alleged that Roberto de Nobili was the author of a forged document written in French and purported to be a translation of an ancient Sanskrit scripture by the name of Ezourvedam. Max Mueller, a great Orientalist who edited the series The Sacred Books of the East has concluded convincingly that de Nobili did not author the forged work.[3] Ludo Rocher has published a detailed study about the Ezourvedam which shows that the author of this text must have been a French missionary. He offered several names: {{quote|The question who the French Jesuit author of the EzV [Ezour-vedam] was we can only speculate on. Calmette was very much involved in the search for the Vedas; Mosac is a definite possibility; there may by some truth to Maudave’s information on Martin; there is no way of verifying the references to de Villette and Bouchet. The author of the EzV may be one of these, but he may also be one of their many more or less well known confreres. In the present state of our knowledge, we cannot go any further than that.[4]}}Urs App recently offered new evidence for the authorship of Jean Calmette (1692–1740).[5]Father Roberto de Nobili died in Mylapore near Chennai in Tamil Nadu on 16 January 1656 at the age of 79. Legacy
See alsoPrimary sources
Secondary sources
References1. ^See N. Falcao, Kristapurana: A Christian-Hindu Encounter: A Study of Inculturation in the Kristapurana of Thomas Stephens, SJ (1549-1619), (Pune: Snehasadan / Anand: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 2003). {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nobili, Robert De}}2. ^Being Different - An Indian challenge to Western Universalism By Rajiv Malhotra 3. ^The Ezour-Veda is not the work of Robert de Nobili. It was probably written by one of his converts» {{ISBN|0-915027-06-2}}. 4. ^Ludo Rocher (1984). Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century. University of Pennsylvania Studies on South Asia 1. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1984, p. 60. {{ISBN|978-0-915027-06-4}} 5. ^Urs App (2010). The Birth of Orientalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 372-407. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-4261-4}} 6. ^http://www.luc.edu/reslife/halls/denobilihall/ 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Kameswari|first1=Y.|title=Ekaveera-Viswanatha kadhana kousalam|publisher=emesco books|location=vijayawada|url=http://emescobooks.com/%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0-%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A5-%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82/|accessdate=25 December 2014|language=Telugu}} 4 : 1577 births|1656 deaths|Italian Jesuits|Tamil scholars of non-Tamil background |
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