| 词条 | Robinson R44 | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Robinson R44 is a four-seat light helicopter produced by Robinson Helicopter Company since 1992. Based on the company's two-seat Robinson R22, the R44 features hydraulically assisted flight controls. It was first flown on 31 March 1990 and received FAA certification in December 1992, with the first delivery in February 1993. The R44 has been the world's best-selling general aviation (GA) helicopter every year since 1999. It is the most-produced GA aircraft of the 21st century, with 5,805 deliveries from 2000–2017.[1][2] DesignThe R44 is a single-engined helicopter with a semi-rigid two-bladed main rotor, a two-bladed tail rotor and a skid landing gear. It has an enclosed cabin with two rows of side-by-side seating for a pilot and three passengers. Tail rotor direction of rotation on the R44 is reversed compared to the R22 for improved yaw control authority. On the R44 the advancing blade is on the bottom. DevelopmentDesigned during the 1980s by Frank Robinson and his staff of engineers, the R44 first flew on 31 March 1990. The R44 Astro was awarded an FAA Type Certificate in December 1992, with the first deliveries taking place in January 1993. The first R44 Newscopter featuring onboard electronic news gathering equipment was delivered in 1998.[3] In January 2000, Robinson introduced the Raven with hydraulically assisted controls[4] and adjustable pedals. In July 2002, Robinson introduced the Raven II featuring a more powerful, fuel-injected engine and wider blades, allowing a higher gross weight and improved altitude performance. During November 2015 Robinson announced the Cadet, a Raven I with a cargo area instead of the two back seats, a slightly less powerful engine and a more efficient muffler.[5] Robinson has carried out ground run testing with an aircraft diesel engine that could replace its Lycoming IO-540 avgas engine. The diesel could provide better altitude performance, a fuel burn reduced from {{cvt|16 to 12|USgal|L}} per hour and better fuel availability.[6] OperatorsCivilian operatorsThe aircraft is operated by many private individuals, companies and flying clubs. In 1997, a Robinson R44 was piloted by Jennifer Murray for the first helicopter circumnavigation of the world by a woman, covering a distance of 36,000 miles in 97 days.[7][8] {{asof|2014}}, an R44 holds the piston speed record of 227 km/h.[9] Military and Government operators
Accidents and incidentsThe R44 was found to be prone to post-accident fires due to damage to the aluminum fuel tanks, allowing fuel to leak out. In 2009, the company began installing bladder-type fuel tanks in all new R44 helicopters. It also issued Service Bulletin SB-78 on 20 December 2010, requiring R44 helicopters with all-aluminum fuel tanks to be retrofitted with bladder-type tanks to "improve the R44's fuel system's resistance to a post-accident fuel leak." The company recommended that the change should be done as soon as practical, but no later than 31 December 2014. The compliance date was later moved to 30 April 2013.[17] An accident investigation by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) in March 2013 found, after analyzing historical data, that a significantly higher proportion of R44 aircraft (12%) caught fire after crashing, compared to accidents involving other types of piston-engine helicopters (7%).[18]{{rp|7}} Preliminary analysis by the ATSB of the NTSB's accident database found a similar statistic, with 15% of accidents in the US involving R44 helicopters having post-crash fires.[18]{{rp|7}} Although the data did not consider which type of fuel tanks were fitted, the report mentioned four fatal accidents to the R44 fitted with bladder-type tanks, but as far as they knew, did not involve a post-accident fire. The ATSB recommended that the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) take further action to urge R44 owners to fit bladder-type tanks.[18]{{rp|12}} The FAA, the governing body in the country of manufacture whose directives would normally be followed in other countries like Australia, had not mandated the retrofit; CASA therefore issued Australian-specific airworthiness directive AD/R44/23, grounding R44 aircraft on 30 April 2013 that had not yet been upgraded.[19] On 19 February 2015, the New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority issued an Airworthiness Directive grounding 80 of the country's R44 helicopters after two people were killed in an accident traced to a particular type of main rotor blade, the P/N C016-7 or Dash 7, which a preliminary investigation determined had failed in flight - the second failure or partial failure in two months. This was the largest-scale grounding of any aircraft in New Zealand's history. The CAA determined through laboratory tests that the rotor blade had failed due to overload during the crash and was not the cause of the accident and the fleet was ungrounded on 24 February 2015. The CAA left the Airworthiness Directive requiring repetitive inspections in place, however. Director of Civil Aviation Graeme Harris stated, "we don’t want to see any complacency amongst operators as there is still a concern with these blades and we are waiting on test results from the USA before we review the Airworthiness notice."[20] Following the grounding in New Zealand, Australia's Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) also grounded R44 helicopters with the same rotor blades.[21][22][23] Specifications (R44 Raven II){{Aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=copter |jet or prop?=prop |ref=Robinson R44 Raven II Pilot's Operating Handbook and FAA approved rotorcraft flight manual, dated 13 June 2005. |crew=one or two pilots |capacity=four, including pilot |payload main=748 lb |payload alt=340 kg |length main=38 ft 3 in |length alt=11.65 m |span main=33 ft |span alt=10.1 m)
|height main=10 ft 9 in |height alt=3.3 m |area main= |area alt= |airfoil= |empty weight main=1450 lb |empty weight alt=658 kg |loaded weight main=2500 lb |loaded weight alt=1134 kg |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |more general=Fuel: 100 low lead (100LL) fuel or 100/130.
| fuel consumption ={{convert|15|USgal|l}} of Avgas per hour[24] Not given in Pilot's Handbook.[4] |engine (prop)=Lycoming IO-540-AE1A5 |type of prop=6 cylinder, flat engine with fuel injection |number of props=1 |power main=245 bhp |power alt=183 kW |power original= |max speed main=130 kn |max speed alt=240 km/h; 150 mph |cruise speed main=110 kn |cruise speed alt=200 km/h; 130 mph |range main=300 nmi |range alt=560 km; 350 mi |ceiling main= |ceiling alt= |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance=
|avionics= }} See also{{Aircontent||related=
|similar aircraft=
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|see also= }} References1. ^{{cite journal|url=https://gama.aero/wp-content/uploads/GAMA-2013-Databook-Updated-LowRes.pdf|title=2013 General Aviation Statistical Databook & 2014 Industry Outlook|publisher=General Aviation Manufacturers Association|date=2014|page=17|accessdate=23 February 2016}} 2. ^{{cite journal|url=https://gama.aero/wp-content/uploads/2016-GAMA-Databook_forWeb.pdf|title=2016 General Aviation Statistical Databook & 2017 Industry Outlook|publisher=General Aviation Manufacturers Association|date=2017|page=17|accessdate=22 February 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Timeline: February 1998|url=https://robinsonheli.com/timeline-milestone/february-1998/|publisher=Robinson Helicopter Company|accessdate=14 February 2017}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Greenspun|first1=Philip|authorlink1=Philip Greenspun|title=Robinson R44 Raven I|url=http://philip.greenspun.com/flying/robinson-r44|accessdate=20 September 2014|date=July 2014}} 5. ^{{cite press release|author=|title=Robinson Introduces the Two-Place R44 Cadet|url=https://robinsonheli.com/news/robinson-introduces-the-two-place-r44-cadet/|location=Torrance, CA|publisher=Robinson Helicopter Company|date=17 November 2015|accessdate=19 November 2015}} 6. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/hai-robinson-helicopter-upbeat-on-diesel-rd-with-r-456370/ |title= Robinson Helicopter upbeat on diesel R&D with R44 Raven II |date= 6 March 2019 |author= Garrett Reim |work= Flightglobal}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=FAI Record ID #6703|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=6703|publisher=FAI|accessdate=20 September 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105133245/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=6703|archivedate=5 January 2015|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Chopper granny rounds globe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/sep/06/5|accessdate=6 June 2017|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media|date=6 September 2000}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=FAI Record ID #12126|url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=12126|publisher=FAI|accessdate=21 September 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105132741/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=12126|archivedate=5 January 2015|df=dmy-all}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite report|date=2017|title=World Air Forces 2017|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/14484|publisher=Flightglobal|accessdate=5 June 2017}} 11. ^{{cite press release|last=Krause|first=Adriana|title=Lebanese Army Takes Delivery of Two More Robinsons|url=http://www.robinsonheli.com/media/pressrelease/lebaneseagain.pdf|location=Torrance, CA|publisher=Robinson Helicopter Company|date=22 December 2005|accessdate=8 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120020009/http://www.robinsonheli.com/media/pressrelease/lebaneseagain.pdf|archivedate=20 January 2013}} 12. ^{{cite news|last1=Dedace|first1=Sophia|title=PNP gets 3 Raven choppers for anti-crime operations|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/183647/pnp-gets-3-raven-choppers-for-anti-crime-operations/story/|accessdate=11 February 2010|publisher=GMA Network|date=11 February 2010}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=В расположение предприятия "Авиалесоохрана "Алтай" прибыл новый вертолет "Робинсон"|trans-title=The Altai Aerial Forest Protection Service has a new Robinson Helicopter|url=http://www.wood.ru/ru/lonewsid-26039.html|accessdate=1 November 2015|publisher=Wood.ru|date=18 March 2009|language=ru}} 14. ^{{cite magazine|date=15 August 2008|title=South Africa Combats Crime with R44 Raven II Police Helicopters|url=https://robinsonheli.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/2008_summer.pdf|magazine=Robinson News|publisher=Robinson Helicopter Company|volume=14|issue=2|pages=1, 4|accessdate=5 June 2017}} 15. ^{{cite news|last1=Shedlock|first1=Jerzy|title=Down one search-and-rescue helicopter, Alaska State Troopers reorganize|url=https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/article/alaska-troopers-make-do-without-helo-1/2013/06/01/|accessdate=6 December 2015|work=Alaska Dispatch News|date=31 May 2013}} 16. ^{{cite news|title=Uruguay suma helicópteros estadounidenses a la policía para reforzar la vigilancia|trans-title=Uruguay adds US helicopters to police to reinforce surveillance|url=http://www.efe.com/efe/cono-sur/sociedad/uruguay-suma-helicopteros-estadounidenses-a-la-policia-para-reforzar-vigilancia/50000760-3135793|accessdate=16 January 2017|publisher=EFE|date=28 December 2016|location=Montevideo|language=es}} 17. ^{{cite report|date=28 September 2012|title=R44 Service Bulletin|url=https://robinsonheli.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/r44_sb78.pdf|publisher=Robinson Helicopter Company|version=Rev B|location=Torrance, CA|docket=SB-78B|accessdate=25 April 2013}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite report|date=5 April 2013|title=Collision with terrain involving Robinson R44 helicopter, VH-HWQ, Preliminary|url=http://www.atsb.gov.au/media/4110277/ao-2013-055_prelim.pdf|publisher=Australian Transport Safety Bureau|docket=AO-2013-055|accessdate=18 September 2013}} 19. ^{{cite report|last=Ward|first=Nicholas|date=29 April 2013|title=R44 Bladder Fuel Tank Retrofit|url=http://www.casa.gov.au/ADFiles/rotor/r44/r44-023.pdf|publisher=Civil Aviation Safety Authority|docket=AD/R44/23|accessdate=25 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084048/http://www.casa.gov.au/ADFiles/rotor/r44/r44-023.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2013}} 20. ^{{cite news|last1=Kenny|first1=Katie|last2=Mann|first2=Brittany|title=Chopper ban after deaths unprecedented|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/66485213/chopper-ban-after-deaths-unprecedented|accessdate=21 February 2015|work=Stuff.co.nz|publisher=Fairfax New Zealand|date=21 February 2015}} 21. ^{{cite report|last=Ward|first=Nicholas|date=21 February 2015|title=Prohibition of Flight—C016-7 Main Rotor Blades|url=http://www.casa.gov.au/wcmswr/_assets/main/airworth/airwd/ADfiles/ROTOR/R44/R44-024.pdf|publisher=Civil Aviation Safety Authority|docket=AD/R44/24|accessdate=23 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222162936/http://www.casa.gov.au/wcmswr/_assets/main/airworth/airwd/ADfiles/ROTOR/R44/R44-024.pdf|archivedate=22 February 2015}} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=Niles|first1=Russ|title=Australia, New Zealand Ground Some R-44s|url=https://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Australia-New-Zealand-Ground-Some-R-44s-223598-1.html|accessdate=23 February 2015|publisher=AVweb|date=21 February 2015}} 23. ^{{cite press release|last=Richards|first=Mike|date=24 February 2015|title=CAA lifts flight ban on Helicopters|url=http://www.caa.govt.nz/public_and_media_info/caa_releases/med_rel_robinson_r44_2.pdf|publisher=Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand|accessdate=2 June 2015}} 24. ^{{cite news|last1=Larson|first1=George C.|title=Robinson: Ready for the Rebound|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/robinson-ready-rebound|accessdate=2 September 2014|work=Aviation Week|date=1 March 2011|subscription=yes}} External links{{Commons category}}
5 : United States helicopters 1990–1999|United States civil utility aircraft 1990–1999|Robinson aircraft|Single-engined piston helicopters|Aircraft first flown in 1990 |
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