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词条 Hidden Armenians
释义

  1. History

     Background  Armenian Genocide  Republican period  Recent developments 

  2. Literature

  3. Regions

     Tunceli (Dersim) Armenians  Diyarbakir 

  4. Notable hidden Armenians

  5. Number

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Bibliography

{{short description|Turkish-Armenians who conceal their Armenian identity}}{{Armenians}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

Hidden Armenians ({{lang-tr|Gizli Ermeniler}}) or crypto-Armenians ({{lang-hy|ծպտեալ հայեր}} tsptyal hayer; {{lang-tr|Kripto Ermeniler}})[1] is an "umbrella term to describe Turkish people of full or partial ethnic Armenian origin who generally conceal their Armenian identity from wider Turkish society."[2] They are mostly descendants of Ottoman Armenians who, at least outwardly, were Islamized (and turkified or kurdified) "under the threat of physical extermination" during the Armenian Genocide.[3]{{better source|date=December 2017}}

Turkish journalist Erhan Başyurt{{efn|Başyurt is the author of Armenian Adoptees: Hidden Lives (Ermeni Evlatlıklar, Saklı Kalmış Hayatlar), a book on Crypto-Armenians published in 2006.}} describes hidden Armenians as "families (and in some cases, entire villages or neighbourhoods) [...] who converted to Islam to escape the deportations and death marches [of 1915], but continued their hidden lives as Armenians, marrying among themselves and, in some cases, clandestinely reverting to Christianity."{{sfn|Altınay|Turkyilmaz|2011|p=41}} According to the European Commission 2012 report on Turkey, a "number of crypto-Armenians have started to use their original names and religion."[4] The Economist suggests that the number of Turks who reveal their Armenian background is growing.[5]

History

Background

Armenians are originally from the Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia.[6] The western parts of what is sometimes called the Armenian Highlands or "Historic Armenia" came under the Ottoman Empire{{'}}s control in the 16th century with the Peace of Amasya.[7][8] Armenians remained an overwhelming majority of the area's population until the 17th century, however, their number gradually decreased and by the early 20th century they constituted up to 38% of the population of Western Armenia, designed at the time as the Six vilayets. Turks and Kurds made up a significant part of the population.[9]

Armenian Genocide

In 1915 and the following years, the Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated by the Young Turk government in the Armenian Genocide. The Ittihadists who perpetrated the genocide did not have the same understanding of race and nationality as the Nazis and nationality could be changed by religious conversion to Islam. Likewise, Protestant and Catholic Armenians could be exempted from deportation.[10] Daniel Jonah Goldhagen explains that perpetrators differ in how they treat the targeted groups children: "In some instances, owing to the perpetrators' social theory, they treat children of groups targeted because of ethnicity or nationality radically differently from their parents. The Turks conceiving of their existential enemies the Armenians not entirely coherently, an unstable agglomeration of a national/ethnic/religious-based hatred, nevertheless had a decidedly nonracist view of them." He explains that the Turks adopted an formal policy of "leave the girls and children to be Islamized". Although many children were killed, some were spared and allowed to live as Turks.[11] Genocide historian Norman Naimark writes:[10]

"Thousands of Armenian children were raised as Muslims and Turks, while women and girls were routinely converted, taken into harems, and married to Turkish, Kurdish and Circassian husbands. In the period 1918-1922, some of these women and children, encouraged by the Western powers and anti-Ittihadist Ottoman officials, reconnected with their Armenian families and communities. But women seventeen or over or those married to Muslims could choose to stay with their new families, and many did. Under the French occupation, many Armenian children were turned over by Turkish families to the Armenian community, but, wrote one Armenian officer, 'many of them want to go back'"

When relief workers and surviving Armenians started to search for and claim back these Armenian orphans after World War I, only a small percentage were found and reunited, while many others continued to live as Muslims. Additionally, there were cases of entire families converting to Islam to survive the genocide.{{sfn|Altınay|Turkyilmaz|2011|p=25}}

Republican period

"After converting to Islam, many of the crypto-Armenians said they still faced unfair treatment: their land was often confiscated, the men were humiliated with "circumcision checks" in the army and some were tortured."[12] Between the 1930s and 1980s, the Turkish government conducted a secret investigation of hidden Armenians.[13]

The term "Crypto-Armenians" appears as early as 1956.[14]

Recent developments

Hidden Armenians in Turkey no longer feel they have to keep their Armenian identity secret. Some have been baptized ({{lang-tr|vaftiz}}) into the Church and started using Armenian names.[16]

In 2010, Mass was held at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Aghtamar (called Akdamar Kilisesi in Turkish) for the first time in 95 years. After a million dollar restoration, the church was reopened as a museum in 2007. 2010 marked the first Christian prayer service at Aghtamar since the genocide.[15] In September 2010, 2,000 Armenians attended a mass at the Cathedral.[16]

When the Surp Giragos Church was reopened in 2011, dozens of Armenians who had been raised Muslim participated in a baptism ceremony at the restored Church. The names of those who participated in the baptism ceremony, conducted by Deputy Patriarch Archbishop Aram Ateşyan, were not released publicly for security reasons. Turkish-Armenians who wish to convert must first file for a formal "change of religion" at court. They then go to the Church where they learn about the foundational teachings of the Christian faith. When it is decided that the applicant has understood these teachings, they are permitted to prepare for the baptism ceremony.[17][18]

In 2012, Agos reported that the head of the Dersim Armenians Faith and Ancestry Assistance Organization (Dersimli Ermeniler İnanç ve Soyal Yardımlaşma Derneği) has said that hidden Armenians have nothing to fear in the present day.[19]

In May 2015, 12 Armenians from Tunceli were baptized.[20] The twelve Armenians were baptized together in a collective ceremony after a six month education about Christian beliefs.[21]

{{As of|2015}} There are twenty Armenian schools in Istanbul. Armenian and Muslim families live in mixed neighborhoods. In the past Armenian was only spoken at home, but some Armenians living in Istanbul report that they now speak Armenian openly in the streets.[22]

Literature

One of the first books to draw international attention to hidden Armenians was My Grandmother: An Armenian-Turkish Memoir written by Armenian-Turkish writer Fethiye Çetin. Along with Çetin, Ayse Gul Altinay, Gerard Libaridian, and Maureen Freely co-edited an anthology of testimonies of Islamized Armenians called The Grandchildren.[23]

Avedis Hadjian's Secret Nation: The Hidden Armenians of Turkey is an exhaustive survey of the Islamicized or hidden Armenians who live in the former Armenian provinces of Turkey as well as other parts of the country.[24]

Regions

Most Crypto-Armenians reside in eastern provinces of Turkey, where the pre-genocide Armenian population was concentrated.[25][26]

Tunceli (Dersim) Armenians

Through the 20th century, an unknown number of Armenians living in the mountainous region of Tunceli (Dersim) had converted to Alevism.[27] During the Armenian Genocide, many of the Armenians in the region were saved by their Kurdish neighbors.[28] According to Mihran Prgiç Gültekin, the head of the Union of Dersim Armenians, around 75% of the population of Dersim are "converted Armenians."[29][30] He reported in 2012 that over 200 families in Tunceli have declared their Armenian descent, but others are afraid to do so.[29][31] In April 2013, Aram Ateşyan, the acting Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, stated that 90% of Tunceli's population is of Armenian origin.[32]{{better source needed|date=May 2018}}

Diyarbakir

Prior to the genocide Diyarbakir (now sometimes called the unofficial capital of Turkish Kurdistan) was an Armenian town. There are still some surviving Church towers in the now predominantly Muslim city, but most of the Churches are in a dilapidated condition. In the past Christian Armenians had to remain hidden but the situation has improved. The Armenian community has restored one of the Churches and Armenian language lessons are available.[33]

Notable hidden Armenians

  • Fethiye Çetin (b. 1950 in Maden, Elâzığ Province), lawyer, writer and human rights activist
  • Ahmet Abakay (b. 1950 in Divriği), journalist[34]
  • Yaşar Kurt (b. 1968), rock singer
  • Ruhi Su (1912-1985), musician

Number

Various scholars and authors have estimated the number of individuals of full or partial Armenian descent living in Turkey. The range of the estimates is great due to different criteria used. Most of these numbers do not make a distinction between hidden Armenians and Islamized Armenians. According to journalist Erhan Başyurt the main difference between the two groups is their self-identity. Islamized Armenian, in his words, are "children of women who were saved by Muslim families and have continued their lives among them", while hidden Armenians "continued their hidden lives as Armenians."{{sfn|Altınay|Turkyilmaz|2011|p=41}}

Number Author Description Year
35000}} 30,000–40,000 Tessa Hofmann, German scholar of Armenian studies "Muslim 'crypto-Armenians' ... who have adapted to the Kurdish or Turkish majority" 2002[35]
100000}} 100,000 Mesrob II, Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople "at least 100,000 Armenian converts to Islam" 2007[36]
100000}} 100,000 Erhan Başyurt, Turkish journalist additional 40,000 to 60,000 Islamized ArmeniansAltınay|Turkyilmaz|2011|p=41}}
100000}} 100,000 Salim Cöhce, History Professor at the İnönü University 2005[40]
300000}} 300,000 Hrant Dink, Turkish-Armenian journalist from Malatia 2005[37]
300000}} 300,000 Yervand Baret Manuk, Turkish-Armenian Armenologist additional 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 Islamized Armenians 2010[38]
500000}} 500,000 Yusuf Halaçoğlu, Turkish historian 2009[39][40]
700000}} 700,000 Karen Khanlaryan, Iranian Armenian journalist and MP 700,000 hidden Armenians and 1,300,000 Islamized Armenians 2005[3]
3000000}} 3,000,000 Haykazun Alvrtsyan, Armenian researcher "In Germany alone, there were 300,000 Muslim Armenians. He insisted that today in the Eastern part of Turkey, in various areas of historic Armenia there live at least 2.5 million Muslim Armenians, half of which are hiding." 2014[41]
4000000}} 3,000,000–5,000,000 Aziz Dagcı, the President of the NGO "Union of Social Solidarity
and Culture for Bitlis, Batman, Van, Mush and Sasun Armenians"		 Islamized Armenians 2011[42][43]
4500000}} 4,000,000–5,000,000 Sarkis Seropyan, the editor of the Armenian section of Agos Islamized Armenians, more than half of which "confess that their ancestors have been Armenian" 2013[44]

See also

  • Passing (race)
  • Armenians in Turkey
  • Hamshenis
  • Crypto-Christianity
  • Crypto-Jews
  • Crypto-Paganism
  • Dönmeh

References

Notes
{{notelist}}
Citations
1. ^{{cite news|last=Ziflioğlu|first=Vercihan|title=Hidden Armenians in Turkey expose their identities|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=hidden-armenians-in-turkey-expose-their-identities-2011-06-24|accessdate=13 November 2013|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=24 June 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113054727/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=hidden-armenians-in-turkey-expose-their-identities-2011-06-24|archivedate=13 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite news|last=Ziflioğlu|first=Vercihan|title='Elective courses may be ice-breaker for all'|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/elective-courses-may-be-ice-breaker-for-all.aspx?pageID=238&nid=23512|accessdate=24 June 2013|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=19 June 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021043414/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/elective-courses-may-be-ice-breaker-for-all.aspx?pageID=238&nid=23512|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|last=Khanlaryan|first=Karen|title=The Armenian ethnoreligious elements in the Western Armenia|url=http://www.noravank.am/eng/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=3724|publisher=Noravank Foundation|accessdate=16 June 2013|date=29 September 2005|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110193336/http://www.noravank.am/eng/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=3724|archivedate=10 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Commission Working Document Turkey 2012 Progress Report|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2012/package/tr_rapport_2012_en.pdf|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=21 October 2013|page=24|date=10 October 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031221435/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2012/package/tr_rapport_2012_en.pdf|archivedate=31 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=The cost of reconstruction|url=http://www.economist.com/node/15676977|accessdate=24 June 2013|newspaper=The Economist|date=11 March 2010|quote=Although today's inhabitants of Geben hesitate to call themselves Armenians, a growing number of "crypto-Armenians" (people forced to change identity) do just that.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603043756/http://www.economist.com/node/15676977|archivedate=3 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}
6. ^{{Cite book| publisher = Infobase Publishing| isbn = 978-1-4381-2676-0| last = Incorporated| first = Facts On File| title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East| date = 2009}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=West|first=Barbara A.|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=9781438119137|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA47|page=47}}
8. ^{{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-64131-9| last = Matthee| first = Rudolph P.| title = The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600-1730| date = 1999-12-09 |page=18}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Ghazarian|first=H.|editor=Hambardzumyan, Viktor|title=Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 2|year=1976|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing|location=Yerevan|p=43|language=hy}}
10. ^1 {{cite book|last=Naimark|first=Norman M.|title=Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-century Europe|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780674009943|page=42|authorlink=Norman Naimark}}
11. ^{{cite book|last=Goldhagen|first=Daniel Jonah|title=Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity|year=2010|publisher=PublicAffairs|location=New York|isbn=9781586489007|edition=1st|authorlink=Daniel Goldhagen}}
12. ^{{cite news|last=Cheviron|first=Nicholas|title=Turkey's Muslim Armenians come out of hiding|url=http://www.newsdaily.com/article/748a1079790489a6a3a7a55647a69dec/turkeys-muslim-armenians-come-out-of-hiding|accessdate=24 June 2013|date=24 April 2013|agency=Agence France-Presse|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021044425/http://www.newsdaily.com/article/748a1079790489a6a3a7a55647a69dec/turkeys-muslim-armenians-come-out-of-hiding|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite news|last=Hur|first=Ayse|title=Turks cannot be without Armenians, Armenians cannot be without Turks!|url=http://www.zoryaninstitute.org/dialogue/Turks%20cannot%20be%20without%20Armenians.pdf|accessdate=24 June 2013|newspaper=Taraf|date=1 September 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024165610/http://www.zoryaninstitute.org/dialogue/Turks%20cannot%20be%20without%20Armenians.pdf|archivedate=24 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^{{cite journal|journal=The Armenian Review|year=1956|volume=9|page=125|publisher=Hairenik Association|title=unknown|quote=Letters which have reached relatives in America at various times indicate that at least some of the Armenian Islamized persons are in fact "crypto-Armenians", in public completely loyal and nationalistic Turks, but privately waiting for the day...}}
15. ^{{Cite web| title = Armenians hold historic service in ancient Turkish church - CNN.com| accessdate = 2017-12-30| url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/09/17/turkey.akhtamar.armenian.church/index.html| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230404/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/09/17/turkey.akhtamar.armenian.church/index.html| archivedate = 30 December 2017| df = dmy-all}}
16. ^{{Cite news| title = 2,000 Armenians Flock to Mass in Ancient Restored Church| work = Times of Oman (Muscat, Oman)| accessdate = 2017-12-30| date = 2012-09-09| url = https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-301888171.html| via = HighBeam| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225905/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-301888171.html| archivedate = 30 December 2017| df = dmy-all}}
17. ^{{Cite web| last = OCP| title = Armenians claim roots in Diyarbakır| work = Hurriyet| accessdate = 2017-12-30| date = 2011-10-24| url = http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/armenians-claim-roots-in-diyarbakir/| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180709202456/http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/armenians-claim-roots-in-diyarbakir/| archivedate = 9 July 2018| df = dmy-all}}
18. ^{{cite news|title=Ermeni kimliğine dönenler artıyor [The return to Armenian identity increases]|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/ermeni_kimligine_donenler_artiyor-1029501|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=Radikal|date=20 November 2011|language=tr|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025032938/http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/ermeni_kimligine_donenler_artiyor-1029501|archivedate=25 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^1 {{Cite web| title = 'Gizli' Ermeniler gerçek kimliklerine dönüyor| work = Agos| accessdate = 2018-05-14| url = http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/555/gizli-ermeniler-gercek-kimliklerine-donuyor| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043556/http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/555/gizli-ermeniler-gercek-kimliklerine-donuyor| archivedate = 15 May 2018| df = dmy-all}}
20. ^{{Cite web| last = eakin| title = How some Armenians are reclaiming their Christian faith| work = Al-Monitor| accessdate = 2017-12-30| date = 2015-06-01| url = http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/06/turkey-armenians-disguised-muslims-recover-true-identity.html| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103258/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/06/turkey-armenians-disguised-muslims-recover-true-identity.html| archivedate = 31 December 2017| df = dmy-all}}
21. ^{{Cite web| title = 12 Dersimli Ermeni vaftizle kimliğine döndü| work = Agos| accessdate = 2017-12-30| url = http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/11579/12-dersimli-ermeni-vaftizle-kimligine-dondu| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051457/http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/11579/12-dersimli-ermeni-vaftizle-kimligine-dondu| archivedate = 31 December 2017| df = dmy-all}}
22. ^{{Cite AV media| people = AFP news agencyundefined (Director)| title = Discreet but proud: The Armenians of Istanbul| accessdate = 2018-05-14| time = 133 seconds| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KdAtMY52X8| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180709202456/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KdAtMY52X8| archivedate = 9 July 2018| df = dmy-all}}
23. ^{{Cite book| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-1-137-56163-3| last = Demirdjian| first = Alexis| title = The Armenian Genocide Legacy| date = 2016-04-04}}
24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/armenia-genocide-secret-armenians-robert-fisk-massacres-graves-bodies-turkey-a8411476.html|title="In the land of the massacres, the very last Armenians have been finally been found"|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en-GB|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622203945/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/armenia-genocide-secret-armenians-robert-fisk-massacres-graves-bodies-turkey-a8411476.html|archivedate=22 June 2018|df=dmy-all}}
25. ^{{cite news|last=Söylemez |first=Haşim |title=Türkiye'de, Araplaşan binlerce Ermeni de var |url=http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-17376-34-turkiyede-araplasan-binlerce-ermeni-de-var.html |accessdate=16 June 2013 |newspaper=Aksiyon |date=27 August 2007 |language=tr |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603043528/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-17376-34-turkiyede-araplasan-binlerce-ermeni-de-var.html |archivedate=3 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
26. ^{{cite web|last=Melkonyan|first=Ruben|title=Արաբացած հայեր Թուրքիայում [Arabized Armenians in Turkey]|url=http://noravank.am/arm/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2368|publisher=Noravank Foundation|accessdate=16 June 2013|date=27 September 2007|language=tr|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021072910/http://noravank.am/arm/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2368|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=Armenian Elements in the Beliefs of the Kizilbash Kurds |url=http://rbedrosian.com/mmpaul1.htm |accessdate=28 April 2013 |date=27 April 2013 |newspaper=İnternet Haber |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324085249/http://rbedrosian.com/mmpaul1.htm |archivedate=24 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
28. ^{{cite book|last=A. Davis|first=Leslie|title=The slaughterhouse province: an American diplomat's report on the Armenian genocide, 1915–1917|year=1990|publisher=A.D. Caratzas|location=New Rochelle, New York|isbn=9780892414581|edition=2. print.|editor=Blair, Susan K.}}
29. ^1 {{cite news|title=Mihran Gultekin: Dersim Armenians Re-Discovering Their Ancestral Roots |url=http://massispost.com/archives/1752 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130128104551/http://massispost.com/archives/1752 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 January 2013 |accessdate=30 December 2012 |newspaper=Massis Post |date=7 February 2011 |location=Yerevan }}
30. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.adanamedya.com/author_article_detail.php?id=2150 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130116131108/http://www.adanamedya.com/author_article_detail.php?id=2150 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=16 January 2013 |title=Dersimin Nobel adayları... |last=Adamhasan |first=Ali |date=5 December 2011 |newspaper=Adana Medya |accessdate=20 October 2013 |language=tr }}
31. ^{{cite news|title=Dersim Armenians back to their roots|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/politics/news/60924/|accessdate=31 December 2012|newspaper=PanARMENIAN.Net|date=7 February 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707182230/http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/politics/news/60924/|archivedate=7 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}
32. ^{{cite news|title=Tunceli'nin yüzde 90'ı dönme Ermeni'dir|url=http://www.internethaber.com/tuncelinin-yuzde-90i-donme-ermenidir-527098h.htm|accessdate=28 April 2013|date=27 April 2013|newspaper=İnternet Haber|language=tr|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429040802/http://www.internethaber.com/tuncelinin-yuzde-90i-donme-ermenidir-527098h.htm|archivedate=29 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}
33. ^{{Cite AV media| people = DW English| title = Turkey / Armenia: A life spent in hiding| accessdate = 2018-05-14| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKg_BWUA0sA| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150818091551/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKg_BWUA0sA| archivedate = 18 August 2015| df = dmy-all}}
34. ^{{cite news|last=Ziflioglu|first=Vercihan|title=My mother was Armenian, journalist group chair reveals|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/my-mother-was-armenian-journalist-group-chair-reveals.aspx?pageID=238&nID=56125&NewsCatID=339|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=14 October 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013194606/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/my-mother-was-armenian-journalist-group-chair-reveals.aspx?pageID=238&nID=56125&NewsCatID=339|archivedate=13 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
35. ^{{cite web|last=Hofmann|first=Tessa|title=Armenians in Turkey Today|url=http://www.armenian.ch/gsa/Docs/faae02.pdf|publisher=Forum of Armenian Associations in Europe|accessdate=24 June 2013|authorlink=Tessa Hofmann|date=October 2002|pp=10–11|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916120943/http://www.armenian.ch/gsa/Docs/faae02.pdf|archivedate=16 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}
36. ^{{cite news|last=Reimann|first=Anna|title=Armenischer Patriarch in der Türkei: "Die Armenier sind wieder allein" [Armenian Patriarch in Turkey: "The Armenians are alone again"]|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/armenischer-patriarch-in-der-tuerkei-die-armenier-sind-wieder-allein-a-485472.html|accessdate=16 June 2013|newspaper=Spiegel Online|date=1 June 2007|quote=Patriarch Mesrob II: Heute leben ungefähr 80.000 christliche Armenier in der Türkei. Mindestens 100.000 weitere Armenier seien zum Islam konvertiert.|language=de|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002065302/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/armenischer-patriarch-in-der-tuerkei-die-armenier-sind-wieder-allein-a-485472.html|archivedate=2 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
37. ^1 {{cite news|last=Basyurt |first=Erhan |title=Anneannem bir Ermeni'ymiş! [My Grandmother is Armenian] |url=http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-12945-26-anneannem-bir-ermeniymis.html |accessdate=10 November 2013 |newspaper=Aksiyon |date=26 December 2005 |language=tr |quote=300 bin rakamının abartılı olduğunu düşünmüyorum. Bence daha da fazladır. Ama, bu konu maalesef akademik bir çabaya dönüşmemiş. Keşke akademisyen olsaydım ve sırf bu konu üzerinde bir çalışma yapsaydım. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110052648/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-12945-26-anneannem-bir-ermeniymis.html |archivedate=10 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
38. ^{{cite news|title="Իսլամացուած եւ գաղտնի հայերը միատարր չեն", ըստ Երուանդ Մանուկի [Ervand Manuk: "The Islamized Armenians are not homogeneous"]|url=http://www.aztagdaily.com/archives/32689|accessdate=24 June 2013|newspaper=Aztag|date=7 October 2010|language=hy|quote=Մահմետական հայերու համար 1–2 միլիոն, գաղտնի հայերու համար 300 հազարէն 1 միլիոն թիւերը կը տրուին: Բնականաբար այս թիւերը գիտական եւ ստոյգ չեն:|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110051935/http://www.aztagdaily.com/archives/32689|archivedate=10 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}
39. ^{{cite news|title=500 Bi̇n Kri̇pto Ermeni̇ Var|url=http://www.odatv.com/n.php?n=500-bin-kripto-ermeni-var--2309101200|accessdate=24 June 2013|newspaper=Odatv|date=23 September 2009|language=tr|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110051933/http://www.odatv.com/n.php?n=500-bin-kripto-ermeni-var--2309101200|archivedate=10 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}
40. ^{{cite news|title=Prof. Dr. Halaçoğlu: Ermeniler Anadolu'da 500 Bine Yakın Türk'ü Katletti|url=http://www.haberler.com/prof-dr-halacoglu-ermeniler-anadolu-da-500-bine-2568529-haberi/|accessdate=24 June 2013|date=2 March 2011|agency=Cihan News Agency|language=tr|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205213256/http://www.haberler.com/prof-dr-halacoglu-ermeniler-anadolu-da-500-bine-2568529-haberi/|archivedate=5 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}
41. ^{{cite news|last1=Mkrtchyan|first1=Gayane|title=The "Armenian Question": Specialist says political changes bring chance for reclaiming ethnic roots for Armenians in Turkey|url=http://www.armenianow.com/society/58012/armeniaturkey_relations_armenians_in_turkey|work=ArmeniaNow|date=28 October 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195718/http://www.armenianow.com/society/58012/armeniaturkey_relations_armenians_in_turkey|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}
42. ^{{cite news|last=Danielyan|first=Diana|title=Հնարավո՞ր է արթացնել Թուրքիայի մուսուլմանացած հայերին [Is the awakening of Islamized Armenians in Turkey possible?]|url=http://www.azg.am/AM/mail_author/2011070112|accessdate=24 June 2013|newspaper=Azg Daily|date=1 July 2011|quote=Դաղչը զարմանալի թիվ է մատնանշում. տարբեր հաշվարկների համաձայնՙ Թուրքիայում 3–5 մլն մուսուլմանացած հայեր կան:}}
43. ^{{cite news|last=Danielyan|first=Diana|title="Azg": Is the awakening of Islamized Armenians in Turkey possible?|url=http://hayernaysor.am/en/%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3-%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%9E%D6%80-%D5%A7-%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5/|accessdate=24 June 2013|newspaper=Hayern Aysor|date=1 July 2011|quote=Dagch says according to different calculations, there are 3–5 million Islamized Armenians in Turkey|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110053116/http://hayernaysor.am/en/%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3-%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%9E%D6%80-%D5%A7-%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5/|archivedate=10 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}
44. ^{{cite news|title=More than half of 4–5 million Islamized Armenians confess that their ancestors have been Armenian|url=http://www.armradio.info/?part=1&id=179965|accessdate=10 November 2013|date=5 November 2013|agency=Public Radio of Armenia}}

Bibliography

  • Hadjian, Avedis (2018). Secret Nation: The Hidden Armenians of Turkey. I.B.Tauris. {{ISBN|9781788311991}}
  • {{cite web|last=Melkonyan|first=Ruben|title=The Problem of Islamized Armenians in Turkey|url=http://www.noravank.am/upload/pdf/338_en.pdf|publisher=Noravank Foundation|location=Yerevan|date=2008}}
  • {{cite book|first=Ruben|last=Melkonyan|title=Իսլամացված հայերի խնդիրների շուրջ [On the Issues of Islamized Armenians]|year=2009|language=hy|location=Yerevan|publisher=Noravank Foundation}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Altınay|first1=Ayşe Gül|authorlink2=Yektan Turkyilmaz|last2=Turkyilmaz|first2=Yektan|chapter=Unraveling layers of gendered silencing: Converted Armenian survivors of the 1915 catastrophe|title=Untold Histories of the Middle East: Recovering Voices from the 19th and 20th Centuries|journal=SOAS/Routledge Studies on the Middle East|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=9780203845363|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEBqO6pLd2UC&lpg=PA25&dq=Unraveling%20layers%20of%20gendered%20silencing%3A%20Converted%20Armenian%20survivors%20of%20the%201915%20catastrophe&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=Unraveling%20layers%20of%20gendered%20silencing%3A%20Converted%20Armenian%20survivors%20of%20the%201915%20catastrophe&f=false|editor=Singer, Amy |editor2=Neumann, Christoph K. |editor3=Somel, Selcuk Aksin|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|first1=Ayşe Gül|last1=Altınay|first2=Fethiye|last2=Çetin|authorlink2=Fethiye Çetin|title=The Grandchildren: The Hidden Legacy of 'Lost' Armenians in Turkey|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2014|isbn=978-1412853910}}
{{Armenian diaspora}}{{Demographics of Turkey}}

4 : Armenian people by religion|Ethnic Armenian people|Passing (sociology)|Crypto-Christianity
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