| 词条 | Hirudo |
| 释义 |
|image = Leech-china.JPG |image_caption = |regnum = Animalia |phylum = Annelida |classis = Clitellata |subclassis = Hirudinea |ordo = Arhynchobdellida |familia = Hirudinidae |genus = Hirudo |genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 }}Hirudo is a genus of leeches of the family Hirudinidae. It was described by Linnaeus in 1758.[1] There are two well-accepted species within the genus:[2]
Three other species, previously synonymized with Hirudo medicinalis, were described in 2005 and are gaining acceptance:[2][3][4]
DescriptionSpecies are typically exterior feeders. They have jaws that typically consist of approximately 60 teeth and do not possess papillae.[5] DistributionHirudo medicinalis: Britain and southern Norway to the southern Urals, probably as far as the Altai Mountains (the deciduous arboreal zone)[7]Hirudo verbana: Switzerland and Italy to Turkey and Uzbekistan (the Mediterranean and sub-boreal steppe zone)[7] Hirudo orientalis: Transcaucasian countries, Iran, and Central Asia (mountainous areas in the sub-boreal eremial zone)[7] Hirudo sulukii: Kara Lake of Adiyaman, Sülüklü Lake of Gaziantep and Segirkan wetland of Batman in Turkey[4] Hirudo troctina: North-western Africa and Spain (Mediterranean zone)[7] Hirudo nipponia: East Asia, including Far East district in Russian, Japan, Korea, China, Mongolia, Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan[6]H. verbana is further divided into non-overlapping Eastern and Western phylogroups.[7] Medical UseWhile H. medicinalis has long been used in hirudotherapy, and is approved by the US FDA as a prescription medical device, a 2007 study employing genetic analysis found that the species being marketed as H. medicinalis, possibly for decades, was the recently distinguished H. verbana.[8] Conservation StatusA 2010 study of data gathered four species proposed an IUCN status of Near Threatened for H. medicinalis, H. verbana, and H. orientalis, and a status of Data Deficient for Hirudo troctina.[9] References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=69416|title=ITIS standard report: Hirudo (Linnaeus, 1758)|work=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|accessdate=21 August 2013}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q15455059}}2. ^1 {{cite journal | title=Celebrity with a neglected taxonomy: molecular systematics of the medicinal leech (genus Hirudo) | last1=Trontelj | first1=P | last2=Utevsky | first2=SY | journal=Mol Phylogenet Evol | year=2005 | volume=34 | issue=3 | pages=616–624 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.012 | pmid=15683933 }} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=DeSalle|first1=R.|last2=Egan|first2=M. G.|last3=Siddall|first3=M.|title=The unholy trinity: taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=360|issue=1462|year=2005|pages=1905–1916|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.2005.1722|pmid=16214748|pmc=1609226}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Saglam|first1=N.|last2=Saunders|first2=R.|last3=Lang|first3=S. A.|last4=Shain|first4=D. H.|title=A new species of Hirudo (Annelida: Hirudinidae): historical biogeography of Eurasian medicinal leeches|journal=BMC Zoology|volume=1|issue=1|year=2016|pages=1–12|issn=2056-3132|doi=10.1186/s40850-016-0002-x}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Orevi|first=Miriam|last2=Eldor|first2=Amiram|last3=Giguzin|first3=Ida|last4=Rigbi|first4=Meir|date=2000-01-01|title=Jaw anatomy of the blood-sucking leeches, Hirudinea Limnatis nilotica and Hirudo medicinalis, and its relationship to their feeding habits|journal=Journal of Zoology|language=en|volume=250|issue=1|pages=121–127|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00583.x|issn=1469-7998}} 6. ^{{cite web | title=Hirudo nipponia – Clitellates | work = BiotaTaiwanica Citellates | url=http://clitellates.biota.biodiv.tw/pages/1131 | accessdate=17 December 2013 }} 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Trontelj|first1=Peter|last2=Utevsky|first2=Serge Y.|title=Phylogeny and phylogeography of medicinal leeches (genus Hirudo): Fast dispersal and shallow genetic structure|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=63|issue=2|year=2012|pages=475–485|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.022|pmid=22342869}} 8. ^{{cite journal | last1=Siddall | first1=ME | last2=Trontelj | first2=P | last3=Utevsky | first3=SY | last4=Nkamany | first4=M | last5=Macdonald | first5=KS | title=Diverse molecular data demonstrate that commercially available medicinal leeches are not Hirudo medicinalis| journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | year=2007 | volume=274 | issue=1617 | pages=1481–1487 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0248 | pmid=17426015 | pmc=2176162}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Utevsky|first1=Serge|last2=Zagmajster|first2=Maja|last3=Atemasov|first3=Andrei|last4=Zinenko|first4=Oleksandr|last5=Utevska|first5=Olga|last6=Utevsky|first6=Andrei|last7=Trontelj|first7=Peter|title=Distribution and status of medicinal leeches (genus Hirudo) in the Western Palaearctic: anthropogenic, ecological, or historical effects?|journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems|volume=20|issue=2|year=2010|pages=198–210|issn=1052-7613|doi=10.1002/aqc.1071}} 2 : Leeches|Annelid genera |
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