“History of Hyderabad”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The city of Hyderabad was founded by the Qutb Shahi sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591 CE. It was built around the Charminar, which formed the centerpiece of the city. Hyderabad became an important trading center for diamonds and pearls, and a center for culture.

After a brief period of Mughal rule, the first Nizam of Hyderabad conquered the city in 1724. The Nizams later signed a subsidiary alliance with the British, and their territory became Hyderabad State, the largest princely state in British India with the city of Hyderabad as it's capital. During this period, industry, railways, modern education, and airways developed in Hyderabad.

After India's independence in 1947, the Nizam did not wish to accede his state to the newly formed nation. By then, his power had weakened due to the Telangana movement and rise of a radical Muslim militia known as the Razakars. In 1948, the Indian Army invaded and annexed Hyderabad State, and the Nizam was forced to surrender. In 1956, the Hyderabad State^[2] was divided on the basis of linguistic differences, and the city of Hyderabad became the capital of Andhra Pradesh.

In 2014, the state of Telangana was carved out from Andhra Pradesh and Hyderabad became it's new capital.

Ancient history

Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that can be dated to 500 BCE.^[3] The area around Hyderabad was ruled by the Mauryan Empire in the third century B.C during the reign of Ashoka the Great. After the death of Ashoka (232 BCE), as the Maurya Empire began to weaken and decline, the Sātavāhanas who started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, declared independence and established their empire in this region. The Sātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Kotilingala in Telangana as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of the Deccan plateau & central India for 450 years,i.e., from 230 BCE onward until around 220 CE. After the decline of the Satavahana Empire in 210 AD, the region came under the rule of the Ikshvaku dynasty (225 AD - 325 AD), the successors of the Satavahanas in eastern Deccan. The capital of Ikshvaku dynasty was the town of Nagarjunakonda in modern-day Guntur district and named after Nagarjuna, a southern Indian master of Mahayana Buddhism who lived in the 2nd century AD, who is believed to have been responsible for the Buddhist activity in the area.

Medieval history

Various Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms ruled the area during the subsequent centuries. The area was ruled by the Kalyani branch of the Chalukya kings. When the Chalukya kingdom became weaker, Kakatiyas, who were feudal chieftains of Chalukya, declared independence and set up their kingdom around Warangal.

The Kakatiyas build the Golkonda Fort in the vicinity of Hyderabad as part of their western defenses along the lines of the Kondapalli Fort. The city and the fortress were built on a granite hill that is {{convert|120|m|ft}} high, surrounded by massive battlements. The fort was rebuilt and strengthened by Rani Rudrama Devi and her successor Prataparudra.{{sfn|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|pp=25-26}}^[4]

The fall of Warangal to Muhammad bin Tughluq's forces from the Delhi Sultanate in 1321 AD brought anarchy to the region.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} Later, the Golkonda fort came under the control of the Musunuri Nayaks, who defeated the Tughlaqi army occupying Warangal.{{sfn|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|p=44}} For the next few decades, the Bahmani Sultanate of the Deccan fought the Musunuri Nayakas on the north and the Vijayanagara Rayas on the south for control of the region.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The Golkonda fort was ceded by the Musunuri Kapaya Nayak to the Bahmani Sultanate as part of a treaty in 1364.{{sfn|Prasad, History of the Andhras|1988|p=172}}{{sfn|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|p=20}} By the middle of the 15th century, the region was under the firm control of the Bahmani Sultanate which controlled the Deccan north of the Krishna River from coast to of sultanate.{{Clarify|date=June 2015}}

Under the Bahmani Sultanate, Golkonda slowly rose to prominence. Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (r. 1487–1543), sent as a governor of Telangana, established it as the seat of his government around 1501. Bahmani rule gradually weakened during this period, and Sultan Quli formally became independent in 1538, establishing the Qutb Shahi dynasty based in Golkonda.{{sfn|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|pp=66-67}}^[5] Over a period of 62 years, the mud fort was expanded by the first three Qutb Shahi sultans into the present structure, a massive fortification of granite extending around 5 km in circumference. It remained the capital of the Qutb Shahi dynasty until 1590 when the capital was shifted to the present city of Hyderabad.

The Qutb Shahi dynasty (1463-1687)

Establishment of the Golconda Sultanate

In 1463, Sultan Muhammad Shah Bahmani II dispatched Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk to the Telangana region to quell disturbances. Sultan Quli quelled the disturbance and was rewarded as the administrator of the region. He established a base at Kakatiya hill fortress of Golconda which he strengthened and expanded considerably. By the end of the century, Quli ruled from Golconda as the subedar (governor) of the Telangana region. Quli enjoyed virtual independence from Bidar, where the Bahmani sultanate was then based.

In 1518, when the Bahmani Sultanate disintegrated into five different kingdoms, with the others based in Ahmednagar, Berar, Bidar and Bijapur. Sultan Quli declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Golconda Sultanate under the title "Sultan Quli Qutub Shah",^[7] he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city Muhammad Nagar.^[8]^[9]

The Hussain Sagar lake was built during the reign of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah, the fourth Sultan of the dynasty, in 1563. It was named after Hussain Shah Wali, who helped design it.{{sfn|Haig, Historic Landmarks of the Deccan|1907|pp=217}}

Founding of Hyderabad

In 1589, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah,^[10] the fifth ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, selected the present site of the city and established the city of Hyderabad at the banks of the Musi river to overcome water shortages experienced at Golconda.^[11] The Purana Pul (old bridge) enabled quick travel between Golconda and Hyderabad.{{sfn|Haig, Historic Landmarks of the Deccan|1907|pp=211}}

There are various theories about the naming of the city. One popular theory suggests that the sultan had named the city "Bhaganagar" or "Bhāgyanagar" after Bhāgmathi, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love.^[12] She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal.^[13] The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour.^[12] According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah.^[14] Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens).^[15]

He ordered the construction of the Charminar in 1591. The construction of the nearby Makkah Masjid was also started during his reign, but would not be completed for a hundred years.{{sfn|Haig, Historic Landmarks of the Deccan|1907|pp=210}}^[16]

Growth of the new city

The early history of Hyderabad is inextricably intertwined and fortune rose during the 16th and early 17th centuries, Hyderabad became a center of a vibrant diamond trade. All eight Qutb Shahi sultans were patrons of learning and were great builders. They contributed to the growth and development of Indo-Persian and Indo-Islamic literature and culture in Hyderabad. Some of the sultans were known as patrons of local Telugu culture as well. During the Qutb Shahi reign Golconda became one of the leading markets in the world for diamonds, pearls, steel, arms, and also printed fabric. In the 16th century the city grew to accommodate the surplus population of Golconda and eventually became the capital of the Qutb Shahi rulers. Hyderabad became known for its baghs (gardens) and its comfortable weather.

Mughal conquest and rule (1687-1724)

By the mid-17th century, politics in the Deccan were ready for yet another tectonic shift. Mughal prince Aurangzeb spent most of his time in the Deccan fighting local Hindu and Muslim kingdoms to establish and enforce Mughal sovereignty. After the death of Shah Jahan in 1666, Aurangzeb consolidated his power in Delhi as Emperor and returned to the south. He spent most of his imperial reign in military camps in the Deccan, in an almost desperate campaign to expand the empire beyond the greatest extent it had reached under Akbar. The biggest prize in his eyes was the rich city of Hyderabad, protected by the reportedly impregnable fort of Golconda.^[17]

Aurangzeb with his commanders Khwaja Abid Siddiqi (Qulich Khan) and the latter's son Ghazi-ud-Din Feroze Jung laid siege to Golconda in 1686. Golconda held fast under months of siege, and Aurangzeb had to retreat in frustration. Aurangzeb returned in 1687 and laid siege for 9 months camping in the Fateh Maidan ("victory field", now the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium).^[18] Khwaja Abid Siddiqi died in these war and was buried at Kismatpur near Attapur, Hyderabad. Local legend has it that the fortress held on, but the gates were opened at night by a saboteur Abdullah Khan Pani who was bribed by Aurangzeb. Hyderabad's independence was eclipsed.

On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.^[19]^[20] The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War),^[21] whereas its state "Golconda" was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golconda to Aurangabad, about {{convert|550|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} northwest of Hyderabad.^[19]^[22]

Mubariz Khan was appointed as the Governor of the Deccan province. Aurangzeb's efforts would turn out largely in vain, with Hyderabad remaining under Mughal rule for less than four decades. During this period, the construction of the Makkah Masjid (which had started in the 16th century) and fortification of Hyderabad was completed.

For a few decades, Hyderabad declined, and its vibrant diamond trade was all but destroyed. Aurangzeb's attention moved away quickly to other parts of the Deccan, with the Maratha Empire gaining ground against the Mughals.

The Nizams of Hyderabad (1724-1948)

Asaf Jah I

With the emaciation of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Mughal-appointed governors of Hyderabad gained more autonomy from Delhi. In 1714, the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Mir Qamar-ud-din Siddiqi as the viceroy to the Deccan and gave him the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk (governor of the country).^[25] He was well suited for the position as he had fought alongside his father and grandfather who were commanders during the siege of Golconda.

In 1724, he defeated Mubariz Khan to establish control over Hyderabad. He received the title of Asaf Jah from Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in the following year. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that would rule Hyderabad until a year after India's independence from Britain.^[18]{{sfn|Law, Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|1914|pp=22-23}}

Successors of Asaf Jah I

The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighboring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Machilipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.^[26]

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams.^[27]^[28] In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.^[26]

When the British and the French spread their hold over the country, successive Nizams won their friendship without bequeathing their power. The Nizams allied themselves with each side at different times, playing a significant role in the Anglo-Mysore Wars.

During the reign of the third Nizam, Sikandar Jah, the city of Secunderabad was founded to station French troops and subsequently, British troops.^[18] The British stationed a Resident at Hyderabad and their own troops at Secunderabad, but the state continued to be ruled by the Nizam. Maintenance of British forces, which was part of subsidiary alliance with British, put heavy burden on Hyderabad state and bankrupted it in the early 19th century.^[29]

Asaf Jah V

As news of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 reached Hyderabad, Turrebaz Khan and Maulvi Allauddin led rebellions of about 5,000 people and attacked the British Residency. However, this was no match for the superior British troops and the rebellion was quickly crushed.^[31]^[32]

Asaf Jah VI

Asaf Jah VI Mir Mahbub Ali Khan was the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad. He ruled the state from 1866 till his death in 1911.^[34]^[35] He inherited the throne at the age of three, and the state was ruled by his regents Salar Jung I and Shams-ul-Umra III.{{sfn|Law, Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|1914|pp=35}} The Nizam assumed full rule at the age of eighteen.{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=36-37}}{{sfn|Law, Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|1914|pp=27-28}}

The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established in 1879, a railway company fully owned by the Nizam. It was formed to connect Hyderabad with the rest of the British India, and was headquartered at Secunderabad Railway Station. After independence, it was integrated into the Indian Railways. The introduction of railways also marked the beginning of industry in Hyderabad, and four factories were built to the south and east of the Hussain Sagar lake.^[36]

The population of Hyderabad city reached 448,000 in 1901, making it the fourth most populous in British India. The surrounding Hyderabad State had a population of 11 million.^[37]

The Great Musi Flood of 1908 ravaged the city during his reign, killing an estimated 15,000 people and affecting at least 200,000.{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13-15}}^[38]^[39] All the bridges over the River Musi were destroyed, except for the Purana Pul. The Nizam threw open his palace Purani Haveli for the flood victims.^[40]

The flood necessitated planned development of the city. The Nizam invited Sir M. Visvesvaraya to design the flood prevention system of modern Hyderabad.^[41]

The Nizam died in 1911 at the age of 45.{{sfn|Law, Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|1914|pp=28}}

Asaf Jah VII

The seventh and last Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan ascended the throne in 1911.{{sfn|Law, Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|1914|pp=28}}

He founded numerous institutions and public buildings in the city, including the Begumpet Airport, Hyderabad State Bank, Osmania University, Nizamia Observatory, Moazzam Jahi Market,^[42]^[43] Nizamia Hospital, Assembly Hall (formerly known as the Town Hall) State Central Library (formerly known as the Asafiya Library), Hyderabad High Court.^[44] and the Osmania General Hospital. The Nizam also invited British architect Vincent Esch for designing some of these. The Nizam also owned an airline, called the Deccan Airways.^[45]^[46]

Two large reservoirs, namely the Osman Sagar and the Himayat Sagar was constructed a few kilometers west of Hyderabad to prevent another flood in the city, on the advice of Sir M. Visvesvaraya.^[47]^[48]

He was known for his immense wealth, and large jewel collection, composed of 173 jewels, including the Jacob Diamond. ^[49] He was proclaimed the richest man in the world in 1937, and appeared on the cover of TIME Magazine.

The Telangana Rebellion was a peasant rebellion against the feudal lords of the Telangana region and, later, the princely state of Hyderabad, between 1946 and 1951.

Various industries emerged in pre-independence Hyderabad during the rule of Asaf Jah VII. The major industries that were established in various parts of Hyderabad, and surrounding areas are:^[50]^[51]^[52]

Post-Independence (1948-present)

Integration into the Indian Union

When India gained independence in 1947, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent, either as a sovereign ruler or by acquiring Dominion status within the British Commonwealth. In order to keep essential trade and supplies flowing, he signed a Standstill agreement with the Indian Union which surrounded him on all sides. The law and order situation soon deteriorated, with escalating violence between the private Razakar army fighting for continuation of the Nizam's rule and the people with the support of the Congress leaders like Swami Ramanand Tirtha and the communists of Telangana, were fighting for joining in the Indian Union. As the violence spiraled out of control with refugees flowing into the coastal Andhra region of the Madras state of India, the Indian Government under Home Minister Sardar Patel initiated a police action titled Operation Polo.^[53]^[54]

On 16 September 1948, Indian Army moved into Hyderabad State from five fronts. Four days later, the Hyderabad forces surrendered. The number of dead was a little over 800. The Police Action achieved success within a matter of days. The Nizam finally surrendered and signed the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union and Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union as a state. In 1955, B. R. Ambedkar, the then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, expressed in his report that the city should be designated as the second capital of India after Delhi. He expressed:

Hyderabad State

The state got its first democratic government and the representatives of its 18 million people were admitted to the Constituent Assembly drafting a constitution for free India. For the next eight years, Hyderabad State continued as a separate state within the union, with its capital Hyderabad.

1956-present

On 1 November 1956, the states of India were reorganized on linguistic grounds and the 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan was made the Rajpramukh based on his administrative abilities. Consequently, the territories of the State of Hyderabad were divided between newly created Andhra Pradesh, Bombay state (later Maharashtra), and Karnataka. Hyderabad and the surrounding areas were annexed into India, and later to Andhra Pradesh based on Telugu linguistic majority, and Hyderabad became the capital of the new state of Andhra Pradesh. Since 1956, Rashtrapati Nilayam, Hyderabad has been the second official residence and business office of the President of India.^[56]

Hyderabad also hosted the 2007 Military World Games and 2009 World Badminton Championships.^[59]

By the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014, the state of Telangana was separated from Andhra Pradesh as a new 29th state of India, with the city of Hyderabad as its capital. The new state was created on 2nd June, 2014.^[60] K. Chandrashekhar Rao was elected as the first Chief Minister of Telangana. Hyderabad would also remain the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh for a period of ten years.

The Hyderabad Metro Rail began operations in 2017, five years after its groundbreaking in 2012. Many of the routes are still under construction.^[61]

Gallery

See also

References

Notes

1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIaBAgAAQBAJ|title=Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar S.|date=2002-11-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134495429|language=en}}
2. ^Hyderabad State (1724-1948) is not to be confused with Hyderabad State (1948-1956). The former was a princely state ruled by the Nizams, and the latter was a state of the Republic of India
3. ^{{cite news|title=Iron Age burial site discovered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/10/stories/2008091058090100.htm|last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K.|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 September 2008|accessdate=7 June 2013}}
4. ^Saqi Mustaid Khan, Ma'asir-i-Alamgiri, Translated by Jadunath Sarkar, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta; 1947, p. 183
5. ^{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=118}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/|title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201205635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |dead-url=no}}
7. ^{{cite book|title=Golconda through time: a mirror of the evolving Deccan| publisher=ProQuest|pages=19–41|isbn=0-549-10119-5|last=Sardar|first=Marika|year=2007}}*{{cite book|title=The nocturnal court: life of a prince of Hyderabad|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=29–30|isbn=978-0-19-566605-2|last=Jaisi|first=Sidq|year=2004}}*{{cite book|title=A history of south India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=192|isbn=0-19-560686-8|last=Sastri|first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta|year=1976}}
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12. ^¹{{cite book|title=Rights at work: pay equity reform and the politics of legal mobilization|last=McCann|first=Michael W.|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1994|isbn=0-226-55571-2|page=6}}{{sfn|Haig, Historic Landmarks of the Deccan|1907|pp=210}} * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5AhAQAAMAAJ|title=The march of India|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Informations and Broadcasting, Government of India|year=1959|page=89|accessdate=7 January 2013}}* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4UKJFLZVcEC|title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah|last=Khan|first=Masud Ḥusain|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1996|isbn=978-81-260-0233-7|pages=14–15|accessdate=7 January 2013}}* {{cite book|title=With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in south India|last=Reddy|first=Gayatri|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2005|isbn=0-226-70755-5|page=6}}* {{cite book|title=The colors of violence: cultural identities, religion, and conflict|last=Kakar|first=Sudhir|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1996|isbn=0-226-42284-4|page=23}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Zad93Q6KZOuM4jrH99qaeN/Opinion--A-Hyderabadi-conundrum.html|title=Opinion A Hyderabadi conundrum}}
14. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C|title=Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features and historic sites|last=Room|first=Adrian|publisher=McFarland|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7|page=171|accessdate=8 January 2013}}
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16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/|title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201205635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |dead-url=no}}
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