“History of the Chinese Americans in Metro Detroit”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

As of 2002 ethnic Chinese and Chinese American people comprise the second-largest Asian-origin ethnic group in the Wayne–Macomb–Oakland tri-county area in Metro Detroit. As of that year there were 16,829 ethnic Chinese, concentrated mainly in Troy, Rochester Hills, and Canton Township.^[1] As of 2012 Madison Heights also hosts a significant Chinese community.^[2]

Within the city of Detroit, the area north of Downtown Detroit; including the region around the Henry Ford Hospital, the Detroit Medical Center, and Wayne State University; has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers; most of these Asians are Chinese and Indians. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends.^[3]

As of 2011 the largest still-operating Chinatown in proximity to Metro Detroit is located in the Chinatown of Windsor, Ontario.^[2]

History

Ah Chee, the first known Chinese person in Detroit, arrived in 1872 and established a laundry business.^[4] The first Chinese businesses were established in Metro Detroit in 1879, making the Chinese the Asian immigrant group with the longest history in the city.^[1] Many Chinese coming to Detroit after Ah Chee established laundry businesses.^[4] At one time Detroit had its own Chinatown.^[1] In 1892, several immigrants to Detroit were sentenced to hard labor for illegally entering the country but, in Wong Wing v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a jury trial was needed for such a punishment.

In 1905 the first Chinese restaurant opened in Detroit.^[4] In the early 20th century Henry Ford recruited ethnic Chinese living in Hawaii to work at his automobile plants.^[5] In the 1920s Detroit had 300 Chinese laundry businesses and 12 Chinese restaurants. Helen Zia, author of Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People, wrote that the Chinese business community in Detroit had its peak in the 1920s.^[4]

More Chinese people moved to Detroit in the 1930s, ^[5] but the Chinese business and the population of Detroit's Chinatown had begun to decline after the 1920s.^[4] Much of the Chinatown was demolished in the 1950s so the John C. Lodge Freeway could be built.^[6] As a result, Chinatown moved to an area in the southern Cass Corridor focused on the intersection of Cass Avenue and Peterboro Street.^[7] In 1951 about 2,000 Chinese lived in the Detroit city limits.^[8]

The more highly educated ethnic Chinese who moved to Detroit after the Immigration Act of 1965 moved to Detroit's suburbs, bypassing Detroit itself and its Chinatown. The previous generation of established laundry and restaurant owners had children who, instead of staying in the Chinatown area, tended to move outward to the suburbs of Metro Detroit, or to other cities for work and educational opportunities.^[4]

Chinese American architect and engineer Marvin Chin opened the landmark tiki-themed restaurant nightclub Chin Tiki in 1967.^[9]

The 1980 U.S. Census counted 1,213 ethnic Chinese in the City of Detroit. Zia wrote that the figure was "surely an undercount" but that the Chinese population in the City of Detroit "was unquestionably small."^[4] The presence of family-owned businesses in the Detroit Chinatown area had declined by the 1980s. Zia wrote that by that decade, the "shrinking base" in the Detroit Chinatown "reflected the diminished role of the merchants."^[4]

In 1982, in Metro Detroit autoworkers killed Vincent Chin, a Chinese American mistaken for a Japanese American. An October 27, 2009 article by the Detroit Free Press stated that "It took the slaying of[...] Vincent Chin by a disgruntled autoworker in 1982 to awaken Detroit of the ugliness and danger of anti-Asian racism."^[10] Cynthia Lee, a Chinese American from Hawaii who worked as a reporter for The Detroit News, interviewed Metro Detroit Chinese Americans who criticized the verdict given to the two men, who pleaded guilty and received probation and fines. The Chinese Americans interviewed by Lee stated that the sentences were too light.^[11]

Cultural institutions

The Association of Chinese Americans (ACA, {{zh|t=美華協會|s=美华协会|first=t|p=Měihuá Xiéhuì}}^[12]) is the Detroit chapter of the OCA - Asian Pacific American Advocates. In the fall of 1971 Dr. Andrew Yang invited a group of Chinese Americans in Metro Detroit to hear K.L. Wang's presentation that advocated for the establishment of a national Chinese-American association. The members of the ACA held its first meeting in 1971 in order to establish the organization.^[13] The organization was founded in 1972.^[14]

The Chinese Community Center (CCC, {{zh|first=t|t=美華協會華人中心|s=美华协会华人中心|p=Měihuá Xiéhuì Huárén Zhōngxīn|labels=no}}^[15]) of the ACA is located in Madison Heights.^[5] The center opened on August 8, 2005.^[13]

Historically, the Chinese Welfare Council and the On Leong Merchants Association served members of Detroit's Chinese community.^[4] In Detroit the On Leong had social functions.^[16] The Detroit Chinese Welfare Council attended political functions and represented the interests of Chinatown to the city government.^[4]

Education

The American Chinese School at Greater Detroit (ACSGD, {{zh|s=底特律中文学校|first=s|t=底特律中文學校|p=Dǐtèlǜ Zhōngwén Xuéxiào|labels=no}}^[17]), a supplementary Chinese school, is located in Birmingham.^[18] The first school year was 1972-1973.^[19] Other supplementary Chinese schools in Metro Detroit include the Canton Plymouth Chinese Learning Center ({{zh|first=s|s=凯通中文学校|t=凱通中文學校|p=Kǎitōng Zhōngwén Xuéxiào|labels=no}}) in Canton, founded in September 1996; and the Michigan New Century Chinese School ({{zh|first=s|s=新世纪中文学校|t=新世紀中文學校|p=Xīnshìjì Zhōngwén Xuéxiào|labels=no}}) in Livonia, founded in January 2000.^[20]

Healthcare and elderly services

The Association of Chinese Americans operated a Chinatown clinic in the Cass Corridor Chinatown from September 9, 1973 until 1996.^[13] The Detroit Drop-In Center, a center providing services to older Chinese Americans in the Cass Chinatown, opened in October 1990. In 2005 its operations in the Canton and Plymouth areas opened. In January 2011 the main center moved to a new location in the Hannan House along Woodward Avenue.^[13]

Notable people

See also

References

Notes

1. ^¹²Metzger, Kurt and Jason Booza. "Asians in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109050601/http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf |date=2013-11-09 }}." Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University. January 2002 Working Paper Series, No. 7. p. 12. Retrieved on November 6, 2013.
2. ^¹"Best Chinese Arts & Culture Events In Detroit For The Lunar New Year." ([https://archive.is/20131203202127/http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2012/01/23/best-chinese-arts-culture-events-in-detroit-for-the-lunar-new-year/ Archive]) CBS Detroit. January 23, 2012. Retrieved on December 3, 2013.
3. ^Metzger, Kurt and Jason Booza. "Asians in the United States, Michigan and Metropolitan Detroit {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109050601/http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Asians7.pdf |date=2013-11-09 }}." Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University. January 2002 Working Paper Series, No. 7. p. 8. Retrieved on November 6, 2013.
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹Zia, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8sQoypZWHgYC&pg=PA62&dq=Detroit+Chinatown&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tiGeUtPhB8qh2QXZoYAg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Detroit%20Chinatown&f=false 62].
5. ^¹²Steele, Micki. "Asian-Americans settle in Metro Detroit enclaves." The Detroit News. April 19, 2011. Retrieved on December 3, 2013. "And Henry Ford recruited Chinese workers from Hawaii to work in his auto plants in the early 20th century, while others came later in the 1930s, and some started laundries."
6. ^Delicato and Demery, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1JVigb8HjIAC&pg=PA28&dq=Detroit+Chinatown&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tiGeUtPhB8qh2QXZoYAg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Detroit%20Chinatown&f=false 28].
7. ^Delicato and Kahlil, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BlhCd1I2FnUC&pg=PA62&dq=Detroit+Chinatown&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tiGeUtPhB8qh2QXZoYAg&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Detroit%20Chinatown&f=false 62].
8. ^Mayer, p. [https://books.google.com/books?ei=iNGeUpOhFJL-qAGpq4DYBQ&id=Un1uAAAAMAAJ&dq=Detroit+Hungarian&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Chinese 11]. "There are approximately 2,000 people of Chinese extraction living in the city of Detroit."
9. ^{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first1=Sook |title=Asian Americans in Michigan: Voices from the Midwest |publisher=Wayne State University Press |date=1 Apr 2015 |accessdate=2017-01-12 }}
10. ^Darden and Thomas, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ylcz_Sr_BGcC&pg=PT259&dq=Japanese+Detroit&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q0CIUsSEFaKo2wWbjYHQBg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Japanese%20Detroit&f=false page unstated] (starts with "Dingell was not alone in the sentiment[...]")
11. ^Zia, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8sQoypZWHgYC&pg=PA60&dq=%22The+lightness+of+the+sentence+shocked+Detroit.+Two+white+killers%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GyqeUu6AKoqyrQG1moGABA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22The%20lightness%20of%20the%20sentence%20shocked%20Detroit.%20Two%20white%20killers%22&f=false 60].
12. ^"美華協會成功舉辦四十週年慶祝晚會." ([https://archive.is/20131203204057/http://www.acadetroit.org/zh/photo-gallery/60-aca-40th-anniversary-celebration-banquet.html Archive]) Association of Chinese Americans. Retrieved on December 3, 2013.
13. ^¹²³"History of Association of Chinese Americans." ([https://archive.is/20131203201406/http://www.acadetroit.org/en/about-aca/history.html Archive]) Association of Chinese Americans Detroit. Retrieved on December 3, 2013.
14. ^"About ACA." ([https://archive.is/20131203201701/http://www.acadetroit.org/en/about-aca.html Archive]) Association of Chinese Americans Detroit. Retrieved on December 3, 2013.
15. ^"[https://archive.is/20131203212714/http://www.acadetroit.org/ Welcome to the Association of Chinese Americans]." (archived from the original) Association of Chinese Americans. Retrieved on December 3, 2013.
16. ^Zia, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8sQoypZWHgYC&pg=PA61&dq=%22In+Detroit+it+served+a+social+function.+Both+organizations+had%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MCWeUsKTBcPlrQHOpYCwBA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22In%20Detroit%20it%20served%20a%20social%20function.%20Both%20organizations%20had%22&f=false 61].
17. ^"Home" (Chinese) ([https://archive.is/20131209062719/http://www.acsgd.org/cn Archive]). American Chinese School at Greater Detroit. Retrieved on December 9, 2013.
18. ^"Home." ([https://archive.is/20131209062940/http://www.acsgd.org/ Archive]) American Chinese School at Greater Detroit. Retrieved on December 9, 2013. "1300 Derby Road, Birmingham, MI 48009"
19. ^"School History." ([https://archive.is/20131209063045/http://www.acsgd.org/node/11 Archive]) American Chinese School at Greater Detroit. Retrieved on December 9, 2013.
20. ^"CSAMi Member Schools 会员学校名单." ([https://archive.is/20131209064613/http://www.csami.org/MemberSchools.asp Archive]) Chinese School Association of Michigan. Retrieved on December 9, 2013.
21. ^"Anita Lo." "Most Powerful Women in New York 2007." Crain's New York. Retrieved on September 6, 2014. "Born in Birmingham, Mich., to Chinese immigrant parents,[...]"