“History of the Hungarian Americans in Metro Detroit”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Hungarian people and Hungarian Americans immigrated to Metro Detroit in the 20th Century. Historically they populated Delray in Detroit but moved to the Downriver area in the 1960s. There were four historic waves of Hungarian immigration to Detroit.^[1]

History

In the late 1890s the Hungarians began to populate Detroit. They settled Delray in Southwest Detroit.^[2] In 1898 the Michigan Malleable Iron Company began operations in Delray. Hungarian immigrants moved to Delray from cities including Cleveland Ohio; South Bend, Indiana; and Toledo, Ohio in order to get better working conditions and better wages.^[3] On 14 December 1904 the American Hungarian Reformed Church in Allen Park, MI was organised.^[4] In 1905 a Hungarian Catholic church opened in Delray. The current Holy Cross Hungarian Catholic Church building opened by 1925. The Hungarians became one of the largest groups to settle Detroit in the early 20th Century. The Delray-Springwells area served as the "Little Hungary" of Detroit and Michigan's Hungarian culture was centered in that community.^[2] The first wave of Hungarian refugees came to the U.S. in order to escape the Austro-Hungarian Empire's political issues.^[5]

After World War I a second wave of Hungarian refugees, who escaped due to religious and political reasons, arrived.^[5] The Hungarians became refugees because several territories had been separated from the Hungarian homeland.^[1] They selected Detroit because the automobile plants paid high wages. Many of the Hungarians in the second wave had intended to return to Hungary. However Detroit's Historic Places of Worship stated that "strong community ties and the relative betterment of daily life kept them in America."^[5] Some of those who came in this wave had previously worked in coal mines in Pennsylvania.^[5] As the number of Hungarians in Delray increased, a new church of the Holy Cross Hungarian Catholic Church opened in 1925.^[6]

In 1935 Doanne Erdmann Beynon, author of "Crime and Custom of the Hungarians of Detroit", wrote that Detroit "has never been a "first port of entry" to any considerable number of Hungarian immigrants."^[7] Hungarians coming to Detroit had lived in other U.S. cities before coming to Detroit and Beynon wrote that they usually "have become acculturated, at least partially, to Hungarian-American life prior to their migration to Detroit."^[7] Beynon wrote that the immigrants had lived in a "rather homogenous" society in small communities "which are least affected by modern industrial civilization" and that "their lives had been moulded and controlled by the traditional folk culture."^[7]

Another wave of Hungarians appeared after World War II ended.^[1] In 1951 there were about 55,000 ethnic Hungarians in Metro Detroit.^[8] Another wave of Hungarians, those against the Communist forces,^[1] escaped the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, causing more to arrive in Delray. The construction of Interstate 75 in the mid-1960s destroyed large parts of Delray and divided the community into two pieces. Middle and working class Hungarians moved to Detroit's downriver suburbs Allen Park, Lincoln Park, Melvindale, and Riverview.^[5] Some Hungarians also moved to Taylor.^[9] The Holy Cross parish school closed.^[5] These suburbanites then commuted to their jobs in Detroit along the new expressways.

As of the 1990 U.S. Census there were 7,712 speakers of the Hungarian language at home in the State of Michigan. This declined to 4,851 in the 2000 U.S. Census. Miklós Kontra, the author of the "Hungarian" entry in The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia, wrote that the decline in this number and similar numbers in the American Midwest illustrates "the rapid assimilation of Hungarian Americans."^[10]

Religion

In Delray the First Hebrew Congregation of Delray or the Orthodox Hungarian Jewish Congregation was located on Burdeno, near Fort Wayne. It was operated by Hungarian Jews and it was Detroit's first Orthodox Judaism synagogue that was east of Woodward Avenue.^[11] There were several Hungarian Reformed Churches in Delray; only the American Hungarian Reformed Church located in Allen Park remains in existence.^[12]

Institutions

The Hungarian Cultural Center is located in Taylor.^[13] The center and the American Hungarian Reformed Church in Allen Park host cultural and social events. Hungarian-born and Hungarian-descent residents living in suburbs travel to these events.^[10] As of 2006 veterans of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 have annual gatherings at the center.^[13]

By 1935 various Hungarian social clubs including athletic, altar, dramatic, sick benefit and insurance, singing (Dalárdák), and social clubs were formed. Each club included a membership and a wider group of adherents or pártolók. Beynon wrote that "Practically every Hungarian of Detroit who has not broken away entirely from the people of his own nationality is connected in some way with one or more of these societies or clubs."^[14] A former editor of the Detroiti Ujság, Dr. Charles Földy, stated that "These clubs make up the varied life of our colony. If a man isolates himself from all of them, he is not a member of the Hungarian colony any longer."^[14] Beynon wrote that the clubs exercise the social control previously enforced by village groups back in Hungary.^[15] The Federation of Hungarian Churches and Societies ({{lang-hu|A Detroiti Magyar Egyházak és Egyletek Nagybizottsága}}) represented and taxed all of the social clubs. Some organizations, such as the Socialist Labor Party, established multiple clubs to appeal to multiple types of people.^[16]

Historic institutions included the Hungarian Country Club, the Hungarian Athletic Club, and the Hungarian Women's Club. The country club organized rural-based activities such as hikes and picnics. The women's club, which held card parties, lectures, and musical programs, had offices on West Jefferson Avenue.^[17]

Culture and social life

Steve Babson, author of Working Detroit, stated that in the 1920s, women from Hungarian and Finnish houses had "considerably more freedom" compared to those from Italian and Macedonian houses.^[18] Women from Hungarian and Finnish houses opened social groups for both sexes such as political, benevolent, and sports groups; women from the ethnicities often had more encouragement to attend high school and further education compared to Italians and Macedonians. In the late 1920s Lois Rankin of the International Institute of Detroit stated that in Detroit "as in the home country, Magyar [Hungarian] women occupy a position of equality with men, and there is little subservience to be noted in their attitude."^[19]

Historically Hungarians in Detroit celebrated "Day of Sorrow" on October 16, a tribute to the 1848 hangings of 13 generals.^[20]

Crime

From January 1, 1927 to March 11, 1932, the Wayne County Juvenile Court received 462 complaints filed against Hungarian boys, with a total of 380 boys involved. Of those boys, 364 resided within the City of Detroit and eight municipalities adjacent to Detroit, the area covered by the Detroit City Directory. Of them, 140 were from the Delray Hungarian colony and the remaining 224 lived outside of the Delray Hungarian colony.^[21]

See also

References

Notes

1. ^¹²³Tutag, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SiUsbJk-1KMC&pg=PA65&dq=Detroit+Hungarian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZmWeUtznKIHqrgG1x4GIDw&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Detroit%20Hungarian&f=false 65].
2. ^¹Woodford, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVP055AfqNEC&pg=PA186&dq=%22Romanians,+Serbians,+Slovaks,+and+Swedes%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ejuIUtS-Favs2AX1lYGoBw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Romanians%2C%20Serbians%2C%20Slovaks%2C%20and%20Swedes%22&f=false 186].
3. ^Beynon, "Crime and Custom of the Hungarians of Detroit," p. 755.
4. ^http://www.ahrchurch.org/history.html www.ahrchurch.org/history.html
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵Collum and Krueger, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tMqFxOSc364C&pg=PA177&dq=Detroit+Hungarian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZmWeUtznKIHqrgG1x4GIDw&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Detroit%20Hungarian&f=false 177].
6. ^"Church anniversary celebration planned." The Detroit News. August 30, 2000. ID det8660656. Retrieved on November 24, 2013.
7. ^¹²Beynon, "Crime and Custom of the Hungarians of Detroit," p. 756.
8. ^Mayer, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Un1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Detroit+Hungarian&dq=Detroit+Hungarian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iNGeUpOhFJL-qAGpq4DYBQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAjgK 25]. "HUNGARIANS There are approximately 55,000 people of Hungarian extraction -within the Metropolitan Area of Detroit. The first members of this group arrived in Detroit before 1900, and the peak immigration to the city was in the period 1901 to[...]"
9. ^"Popular band plays soulful music, Hungarian style." The Detroit News. August 21, 2002. Retrieved on December 3, 2013. ID: det12771002. "[...]opened in 1965, the ethnic group began moving to Allen Park and Taylor."
10. ^¹Kontra, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n3Xn7jMx1RYC&pg=PA333&dq=Hungarians+Taylor+Michigan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lnWeUomVC6mC2AXolICQAQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Hungarians%20Taylor%20Michigan&f=false 333].
11. ^Cohen, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NVJciPPgtFwC&pg=PA64&dq=Detroit+Hungarian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iNGeUpOhFJL-qAGpq4DYBQ&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=Detroit%20Hungarian&f=false 64].
12. ^www.ahrchurch.org/history.html
13. ^¹Lessenberry, Jack. "[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_nFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mgQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6895,2784133&dq=hungarian+detroit+taylor&hl=en A '56er' in Detroit will never forget Hungarian Uprising]." Toledo Blade. Friday October 27, 2006. Section A, Page 15. Retrieved from Google News (8 of 39) on December 3, 2013. "Last Sunday, as they do every year at this time, at the Hungarian Cultural Center in Taylor, south of Detroit."
14. ^¹Beynon, "Crime and Custom of the Hungarians of Detroit," p. 757.
15. ^Beynon, "Crime and Custom of the Hungarians of Detroit," p. 757-758.
16. ^Beynon, "Crime and Custom of the Hungarians of Detroit," p. 758.
17. ^Feinstein, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qbTWAAAAMAAJ&q=Detroit+Hungarian&dq=Detroit+Hungarian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iNGeUpOhFJL-qAGpq4DYBQ&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBDgK 220].
18. ^Babson, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_2J3YzdEgOAC&pg=PA45 45]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=_2J3YzdEgOAC&pg=PA46 46]
19. ^Babson, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_2J3YzdEgOAC&pg=PA46 46]
20. ^Mayer, p. [https://books.google.com/books?ei=iNGeUpOhFJL-qAGpq4DYBQ&id=Un1uAAAAMAAJ&dq=Detroit+Hungarian&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Arabian 26].
21. ^Beynon, "Crime and Custom of the Hungarians of Detroit," p. 761.