“Hitler Youth conspiracy”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Hitler Youth conspiracy was a case investigated by the Soviet secret police, during the Great Purge in the late 1930s. Essentially a theory in search of evidence, it nonetheless resulted in the arrest of numerous German teenagers and some in their twenties and beyond, who were accused of having been fascist, anti-communist members of the Hitler Youth and of working against the Soviet Union. Teenagers from the Karl Liebknecht School, from Children's Home No. 6, and adults from factories and elsewhere were arrested, tortured and imprisoned. Many were executed or died in custody. Some were the children of leading communists. Within years, the investigation was found to have been faulty and a number of the investigators were also arrested, with sentences ranging from imprisonment to execution. In the 1950s, following the death of Joseph Stalin, a new examination of the files revealed many of the accusations to have been baseless and a number of the victims were rehabilitated.

Background

Beginning with the earliest history of the Soviet Union, with the Red Terror and subsequent political repression of suspected opponents of the October Revolution, there were purges^[1] and mass repressions within the Soviet Union, as well as purges of the Communist Party, both within the Soviet Union and abroad. Waves of persecutions occurred, in which the number of those charged with being counter-revolutionary or fascist increased substantially. In his "Secret Speech", Nikita Khrushchev said that between 1936 and 1937, the number of arrests for counter-revolutionary crimes grew ten times.^[2]

At the February–March 1937 plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), there was a renewed call to purge the party of Trotskyite elements, unleashing a wave of mass terror^[2] in the summer of 1937.^[3] The term "counter-revolutionary fascist groups" came into use within the Soviet secret police in 1938 as they carried out the purges. German members of the Executive Committee of the Communist International reported at April 28, 1938 meeting that there had been 842 arrests.^[4]

As early as 1930, the Soviet secret police, the Cheka, later the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), investigated teenaged Germans suspected of being members of the Hitler Youth, but these investigations preceded the Great Purge and those arrested were not given the harsh sentences of later years. Most were released before 1934.^[5] As the Great Purge swept up communist activists in massive arrests, their spouses and children were also persecuted. Some were banished to a gulag, some children were put in orphanages^[6] and in some cases, older children were themselves arrested and charged with anti-revolutionary activity and forming anti-revolutionary groups.^[7] International communists living in the Soviet Union were hard hit, especially Germans, who were there in large numbers, fleeing Nazism. While German parents were rounded up, accused of espionage, this charge was not plausible for foreign children who had not been outside the Soviet Union in years.^[5] Instead, they were charged with having formed a branch of the Hitler Youth.^[5]

New allegations

Investigations regarding NKVD Order Number 8842, the Hitler Youth conspiracy began in January 1938.^[3] The commissar of the NKVD gave an order to find and arrest a group of young people who were alleged to have formed a branch of the Hitler Youth and were planning acts of sabotage and an assassination.^[5] They were also accused of praising Adolf Hitler. Department 4 of the Main Directorate of State Security under the NKVD handled secret political affairs and took care of the administration of the case; Department 7, which handled foreign intelligence, implemented the orders.^[3]

Those carrying out the arrests were directed to reach quotas for arrests and confessions, and were given deadlines.^[8] When Rudolph Traibman, who interpreted during the interrogations, later said that when he complained to his superior, he was threatened with arrest.^[8] According to another contemporary, Leonid M. Sakovsky, "When Sorokin and Persitz ordered G. Yakubovich to sign arrest warrants, Yakubovich laid his wristwatch on the desk and said, 'Look how many arrest warrants I can sign in one minute.' And then he began to sign the warrants, without reading them."^[3]{{#tag:ref|Mikhail Persitz was the commandant of the 4th department of the UGB.^[9] Yakubovich is spelled by some sources as "Iakubovich" or "Yakubovitch". In German, it is written "Jakubowitsch" and "Soviet Union" is spelled "Sowjetunion", according to German rules of pronunciation.|group=note}} The investigations produced completed arrest reports that, according to one historian, are hardly worth reading; they report no details other than personal identification. Instead, they follow a stereotype, devoid of other evidence.^[3]

Some 70 teenagers and adults were arrested^[5] between January and March 1938, primarily the children of German and Austrian foreign workers and exiles, but also a few Russians.^[4] Some of those arrested were clearly not members of the Hitler Youth; 20 were over the age of 30 and one was 62, students at local technical schools or workers in factories.^[3] There were 13 pupils and two teachers arrested from the Karl Liebknecht School^[3] and a number from Children's Home No. 6.^[10] There were seven people, most adults, from the Left Column theater troupe, including Helmut Damerius, a close friend of Wilhelm Pieck's son, Arthur, also an actor^[5]^[11] and Bruno Schmidtsdorf, the lead actor in Gustav von Wangenheim's 1935 film, Kämpfer.^[3]^[12] Schmidtsdorf was arrested on February 5, 1938 with fellow troupe members Kurt Ahrendt and Karl Oefelein, all charged with founding a branch of the Hitler Youth. All three were executed three weeks later.^[13] Ahrendt was also from the Karl Liebknecht School, where he was a leader of the Young Pioneers.^[3]

Those arrested were tortured and often confessed quickly to alleged crimes, either to try to bring the torture to a halt or because they were advised by those longer in custody that it was their only hope for relief from the beatings, which could last for hours.^[14] A number of those arrested were the children of prominent communists, such as Hans Beimler, Jr., son of Hans Beimler;^[3] Max Maddalena, Jr., son of Max Maddalena; and Gustav Sobottka, Jr., the son of Gustav Sobottka.^[15]

Of those arrested, 6 were released, 20 were sentenced from five to ten years, 40 were executed, two were returned to Germany and the Gestapo under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact; and one died in prison.^[16] The first execution was on February 20, 1938 at the Butovo firing range; an additional 39 people were executed there between March and May 1938.^[14]

Aftermath

Mikhail Persitz was ousted from the NKVD and arrested in April 1939 and indicted with three paragraphs of Article 58. He was tortured and confessed his guilt, though he later recanted. An NKVD troop tribunal tried Persitz and found him guilty of all charges. He was shot on February 2, 1940.^[9] Ivan Sorokin, who had been head of the 3rd Department of the Main Directorate of State Security, was charged with mishandling prisoners and fabricating charges. He was tried at an NKVD troop tribunal in August 1939 and was sentenced to death, a sentence confirmed by the Supreme Soviet.^[9]

After Stalin's death, a re-examination of the conspiracy revealed that the charges were baseless.^[17] Survivors were released from detention in 1954 and 1955. Gustav Sobottka, Jr. was rehabilitated postmortem in 1956.^[18]

Partial list of those arrested

See also

Sources

Notes

1. ^Edvard Radzinsky, Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives. Anchor (1997), pp. 152–155. {{ISBN|0-385-47954-9}}
2. ^¹"Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U." Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved November 28, 2011
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰Hans Schafranek, "Kontingentierte 'Volksfeinde' und 'Agenturarbeit'" Internationale wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung (January 2001). Retrieved November 26, 2011 {{de icon}}
4. ^¹Sergej Shurawljow, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-vOGvnxuw5EC&lpg=PA163&ots=1PtMnbYHwt&dq=angeblich%20hitler-jugend&pg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=false "Ich bitte um Arbeit in der Sowjetunion": das Schicksal deutscher Facharbeiter im Moskau der 30er Jahre] Christoph Links Verlag (March 2003), p. 163. Retrieved November 26, 2011 (Note: The author's name is also spelled Sergej V. Žuravlev.) {{de icon}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵Walter Laqueur (2001), [https://books.google.com/books?id=-hgM5t1iu2MC&lpg=PA171&ots=MZomupvnEh&dq=&pg=PA171#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 171–172] Retrieved November 26, 2011
6. ^Atina Grossmann, [https://books.google.co.ug/books?id=p3A82M06lPcC&lpg=PA159&dq=&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false "German Communism and New Women"] in: Helmut Gruber and Pamela M. Graves (eds.) Women and Socialism, Socialism and Women: Europe Between the Two World Wars (1998), pp. 159–160. Berghahn Books. {{ISBN|1-57181-152-4}} Retrieved November 13, 2011
7. ^George Anchabadze, "Mass Terror in the USSR: The Story of One Family" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422023633/http://georgien.boell-net.de/downloads/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest22.pdf |date=April 22, 2012 }} (PDF) in: "Stalinist Terror in the South Caucasus" Caucasus Analytical Digest, No. 22 (December 1, 2010), p. 15. Retrieved November 28, 2011
8. ^¹Hans Schafranek, Natalia Musienko (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8yorTJl1QEoC&lpg=PA214&ots=IQbXKWcxE-&dq=&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 214] Retrieved December 1, 2011
9. ^¹²Barry McLoughlin, Kevin McDermott (Eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8yorTJl1QEoC&lpg=PA219&ots=IQbXKWcxE-&dq=&pg=PA219#v=onepage&q&f=false Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union] Palgrave MacMillan (2003), pp. 219–220. {{ISBN|1-4039-0119-8}}. Retrieved November 29, 2011
10. ^¹²³Hans Schafranek, Natalia Musienko (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8yorTJl1QEoC&lpg=PA219&ots=IQbXKWcxE-&dq=&pg=PA219#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 219] Retrieved November 30, 2011
11. ^Catherine Epstein, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MHjpAWwF-zQC&lpg=PA57&ots=Xzezx0aalN&dq=&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false "The Last Revolutionaries: German Communists and Their Century] President and Fellows of Harvard College (2003), p. 57. {{ISBN|0-674-01045-0}}. Retrieved November 30, 2011
12. ^The film's original Russian title was Bortsy. It was released in the United States as Der Kampf.
13. ^¹²³⁴Thomas Phelps, "Links wo das Herz ist", see also footnotes 39 and 40 Justus Liebig University Giessen ( October 27–28, 1997). Retrieved November 29, 2011 {{de icon}}
14. ^¹²Hans Schafranek, Natalia Musienko (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8yorTJl1QEoC&lpg=PA215&ots=IQbXKWcxE-&dq=&pg=PA215#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 215] Retrieved November 30, 2011
15. ^¹²Hans Schafranek, Natalia Musienko (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8yorTJl1QEoC&lpg=PA217&ots=IQbXKWcxE-&dq=&pg=PA217#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 217–218] Retrieved December 1, 2011
16. ^Walter Laqueur (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5e3agUM_8qUC&lpg=PA168&ots=DWdksTwyaB&dq=&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 168–169] Retrieved November 30, 2011
17. ^Walter Laqueur (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5e3agUM_8qUC&lpg=PA173&ots=DWdksTwyaB&dq=&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 173] Retrieved November 30, 2011
18. ^Biographical details, Gustav Sobottka Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Retrieved November 25, 2011 {{de icon}}
19. ^Hans Schafranek, Natalia Musienko (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8yorTJl1QEoC&lpg=PA220&ots=IQbXKWcxE-&dq=&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 220] Retrieved December 1, 2011