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词条 HMCS Bittersweet
释义

  1. Background

  2. Construction

  3. War service

     Trans-Atlantic convoys escorted  

  4. Post-war service

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=HMCS Bittersweet May 1943 MC-2115.jpgShip caption=HMCS Bittersweet about to be taken in tow by HMCS Skeena, May 1943.
}}{{Infobox ship career
Hide header=Ship country=United KingdomUnited Kingdom|naval}}Ship name= BittersweetShip namesake=Flowering vines Solanum dulcamara and Celastrus scandensShip operator= Royal NavyShip ordered= 22 January 1940Ship awarded=Ship builder=Marine Industries Ltd., Sorel-Tracy, QuebecShip original cost=Ship yard number=Ship way number=Ship laid down=17 April 1940Ship launched=12 September 1940Ship sponsor=Ship christened=Ship completed=Ship acquired=Ship commissioned= 23 January 1941Ship recommissioned=Ship decommissioned=15 May 1941Ship maiden voyage=Ship in service=Ship out of service=Ship renamed=Ship reclassified=Ship refit=Ship struck=Ship reinstated=Ship homeport=Ship identification=Pennant number: K182Ship motto=Ship nickname=Ship honours=Ship honors=Ship captured=Ship fate= Loaned to Canada 1941; Returned on 22 June 1945; scrapped November 1950.Ship status=Ship notes=Ship badge=
}}{{Infobox ship career
Hide header=titleShip country= CanadaCanada|naval-1911}}Ship name= BittersweetShip operator= Royal Canadian NavyShip acquired= loaned from Royal NavyShip commissioned= 15 May 1941Ship recommissioned=Ship decommissioned=22 June 1945Ship maiden voyage=Ship in service=Ship out of service=Ship renamed=Ship reclassified=Ship refit=Ship struck=Ship reinstated=Ship homeport=Ship identification= Pennant number: K182Ship motto=Ship nickname=Ship honours=Ship fate= returned to Royal NavyShip status=Ship notes=Ship badge=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics
Hide header=Header caption=Flower|corvette|3}} (original)[1]925|LT|t ST|lk=in}}205|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}o/a33|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}11.5|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}Ship power=Ship propulsion=*single shaft
  • 2 × fire tube Scotch boilers
  • 1 × 4-cycle triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine
  • {{convert|2750|ihp|abbr=on}}
16|kn|km/h|1}}3500|nmi|km|0}} at {{convert|12|kn|km/h|1}}Ship endurance=Ship complement=85Ship time to activate=Ship sensors=*1 × SW1C or 2C radar
  • 1 × Type 123A or Type 127DV sonar
Ship EW=4|in|mm|sing=on|sigfig=4}} Mk.IX single gun
  • 2 × .50 cal machine gun (twin)
  • 2 × Lewis .303 cal machine gun (twin)
  • 2 × Mk.II depth charge throwers
  • 2 × Depth charge rails with 40 depth charges
  • originally fitted with minesweeping gear, later removed
Ship armour=Ship aircraft=Ship aircraft facilities=Ship notes=
}}

HMCS Bittersweet was a {{sclass2-|Flower|corvette|3}} that was commissioned in the Royal Navy but served primarily in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She was used mainly in the Battle of the Atlantic as an ocean escort. She was named for flowering vines Solanum dulcamara and Celastrus scandens.

Background

{{main|Flower-class corvette}}

Flower-class corvettes like Bittersweet serving with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were different from earlier and more traditional sail-driven corvettes.[2][3][4] The "corvette" designation was created by the French for a class of small warships; the Royal Navy borrowed the term for a period but discontinued its use in 1877.[5] During the hurried preparations for war in the late 1930s, Winston Churchill reactivated the corvette class, needing a name for smaller ships used in an escort capacity, in this case based on a whaling ship design.[6] The generic name "flower" was used to designate the class of these ships, which – in the Royal Navy – were named after flowering plants.[7]

Construction

Bittersweet was ordered on 22 January 1940 for the Royal Navy in the 1939-1940 Flower-class building program from Marine Industries Ltd. in Sorel, Quebec. She was laid down on 17 April 1940 and launched on 12 September 1940. She was commissioned on 23 January 1941 into the Royal Navy. On 15 May 1941 she was one of ten Flower-class corvettes transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy. She could be told apart from other Canadian Flowers by her lack of minesweeping gear and the siting of the after gun tub amidships.[8] Bittersweet had three refits in her career. Her first one was at Charleston in December 1941 which lasted until February 1942. Her second refit was at Baltimore in October to November 1943 where she had her fo'c'sle extended. The last refit took place at Pictou, Nova Scotia and lasted until February 1945.[9]

War service

Bittersweet, after commissioning, headed back to the United Kingdom, fitting out on the Tyne and working up at Tobermory. On 15 May 1941 she was loaned to Canada and was assigned to the Newfoundland Escort Force (NEF) in June. She served as an ocean escort until December of that year. In March 1942 after resuming her duties she joined several escort groups as part of Mid-Ocean Escort Force and served with them until October 1943 before departing for another refit. Her last ocean convoy escort duty took place in October 1944.

After another refit, Bittersweet resumed duties her duties briefly with Halifax Force before transferring to Sydney Force. She remained with Sydney Force for the remainder of the war.[9]

Trans-Atlantic convoys escorted

ConvoyEscort GroupDatesNotes
HX 14022 July-2 Aug 1941[10]Newfoundland to Iceland
ON 411-18 Aug 1941[11]Iceland to Newfoundland
HX 1487-10 Sept 1941[10]Newfoundland to Iceland
SC 4521-30 Sept 1941[12]Newfoundland to Iceland
ON 215-11 Oct 1941[11]Iceland to Newfoundland
SC 5019-31 Oct 1941[12]Newfoundland to Iceland
ON 326-14 Nov 1941[11]Iceland to Newfoundland
SC 5624 Nov-6 Dec 1941[12]Newfoundland to Iceland
HX 1783–6 March 1942[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 7924 March-3 April 1942[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 185MOEF group A318–26 April 1942[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 92MOEF group A37–18 May 1942[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
SC 85MOEF group C431 May-2 June 1942[12]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 102MOEF group A321–25 June 1942[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 196MOEF group A32–10 July 1942[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 114MOEF group A320–30 July 1942[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
SC 95MOEF group A38-18 Aug 1942[12]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 125MOEF group A329 Aug-7 Sept 1942[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
SC 100MOEF group A316-28 Sept 1942[12]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 135MOEF group A33-15 Oct 1942[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 212MOEF group A35-14 Jan 1943[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 163MOEF group C325 Jan-6 Feb 1943[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 226MOEF group C314-23 Feb 1943[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 172MOEF group C310–21 March 1943[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
SC 124MOEF group C328 March-8 April 1943[12]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 180MOEF group C325 April-7 May 1943[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 238MOEF group C313–21 May 1943[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 1872–10 June 1943[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 24420–29 June 1943[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 19210–18 July 1943[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 24929 July-5 Aug 1943[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ONS 1621-29 Aug 1943[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
SC 1503-14 Jan 1944[12]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ONS 3222 Jan-11 Feb 1944[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 27917-28 Feb 1944[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 2279–17 March 1944[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 28426 March-5 April 1944[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 23214–23 April 1944[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 2893–13 May 1944[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 23720–29 May 1944[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 2949–19 June 1944[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 24225 June-5 July 1944[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 29916–23 July 1944[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 2473-10 Aug 1944[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 30423 Aug-1 Sept 1944[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 25314-25 Sept 1944[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
HX 3113-12 Oct 1944[10]Newfoundland to Northern Ireland
ON 26226 Oct-7 Nov 1944[11]Northern Ireland to Newfoundland
ON 298WLEF3–5 May 1945[11]Newfoundland to Halifax
ON 299WLEF9–10 May 1945[11]Newfoundland to Halifax
ON 300WLEF14–15 May 1945[11]Newfoundland to Halifax

Post-war service

Bittersweet was returned to the Royal Navy on 22 June 1945 at Aberdeen, Scotland. She was broken up at Rosyth in 1950.[9]

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Lenton |first=H.T. |last2=Colledge |first2=J.J |year=1968 |title=British and Dominion Warships of World War II |publisher=Doubleday & Company |pages=201, 214 |isbn=}}
2. ^Ossian, Robert,"Complete List of Sailing Vessels", www.thepirateking.com, Retrieved 13 April 2011.
3. ^Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 11, pp.1137–1142.
4. ^Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II, New Jersey: Random House, 1996, {{ISBN|0-517-67963-9}}, page 68.
5. ^Blake, Nicholas and Lawrence, Richard, The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy, Stackpole Books, 2005, pp 39-63. {{ISBN|0-8117-3275-4}}
6. ^Chesneau, Roger and Gardiner, Robert, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships (1922-1946), US Naval Institute Press (June 1980), p. 62 {{ISBN|0-87021-913-8}}
7. ^{{cite book| title=North Atlantic Run |author=Milner, Marc |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1985 |pages=117–119, 142–145, 158, 175–176, 226,235&285–291 |isbn=0-87021-450-0}}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Macpherson |first=Ken |last2=Milner |first2=Marc |year=1993 |title=Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy 1939-1945|publisher=Vanwell Publishing |location=St. Catharines|pages= |isbn=0-92027-783-7}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Macpherson |first=Ken |last2=Burgess |first2=John |year=1981 |title=The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910-1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships |publisher=Collins |location=Toronto|pages=71 |isbn=0-00216-856-1}}
10. ^10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite web|url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/hx/index.html|title=HX convoys|publisher=Andrew Hague Convoy Database|accessdate=2011-06-19}}
11. ^10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 {{cite web|url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/on/index.html|title=ON convoys|publisher=Andrew Hague Convoy Database|accessdate=2011-06-19}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/sc/index.html|title=SC convoys|publisher=Andrew Hague Convoy Database|accessdate=2011-06-19}}

External links

  • Canadian Navy Heritage Project: Ship Technical Information{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • Canadian Navy Heritage Project: Photo Archive{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Flower class corvette|original}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bittersweet, HMCS}}

4 : Ships of the Royal Canadian Navy|Flower-class corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy|Flower-class corvettes of the Royal Navy|1940 ships

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